1、Designation:D698071Designation: D698 12Standard Test Methods forLaboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil UsingStandard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense
3、.1NOTEFigure 2 was editorially corrected in July 2007.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction methods used to determine the relationship between molding water contentand dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve) compacted ina4or6-in. (101.6 or 152.4-mm) diameter mold with a 5.5
4、0-lbf(24.5-N) rammer dropped from a height of 12.0 in. (305 mm) producing a compactive effort of 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3).NOTE 1The equipment and procedures are similar as those proposed by R. R. Proctor (Engineering News RecordSeptember 7, 1933) with this onemajor exception: his rammer blows
5、were applied as “12 inch firm strokes” instead of free fall, producing variable compactive effort depending on theoperator, but probably in the range 15 000 to 25 000 ft-lbf/ft3(700 to 1200 kN-m/m3). The standard effort test (see 3.1.4) is sometimes referred to as theProctor Test.1.1.1 Soils and soi
6、l-aggregate mixtures are to be regarded as natural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils, or composites ormixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed soils or aggregates such as gravel or crushed rock. Hereafter referredto as either soil or material.1.2These1.2 These test metho
7、ds apply only to soils (materials) that have 30 % or less by mass of particles retained on the34-in.(19.0-mm) sieve and have not been previously compacted in the laboratory; that is, do not reuse compacted soil.1.2.1 For relationships between unit weights and molding water contents of soils with 30
8、% or less by mass of material retainedon the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights and molding water contents of the fraction passing34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, seePractice D4718.1.3Three1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The method used shall be as indicated in the specification for the materi
9、albeing tested. If no method is specified, the choice should be based on the material gradation.1.3.1 Method A:1.3.1.1 Mold4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.1.3.1.2 MaterialPassing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.3.1.3 LayersThree.1.3.1.4 Blows per Layer25.1.3.1.5 UsageMay be used if 25 % or less (see Section 1.4 )
10、 by mass of the material is retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.3.1.6 Other UsageIf this gradation requirement cannot be met, then Method C may be used.1.3.2 Method B:1.3.2.1 Mold4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.1.3.2.2 MaterialPassing38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.1.3.2.3 LayersThree.1.3.2.4 Blows per Layer25.
11、1.3.2.5 UsageMay be used if 25 % or less (see Section 1.4 ) by mass of the material is retained on the38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.1.3.2.6 Other UsageIf this gradation requirement cannot be met, then Method C may be used.1.3.3 Method C:1.3.3.1 Mold6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter.1.3.3.2 MaterialPassing34-in. (19
12、.0-mm) sieve.1.3.3.3 LayersThree.1These Test Methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved April 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Orig
13、inally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D69800aCurrent edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D698071. DOI:10.1520/D0698-07E01 DOI: 10.1520/D0698-12.1This document is not an ASTM standard an
14、d is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only
15、the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.3.3.4 Blows per Laye
16、r56.1.3.3.5 UsageMay be used if 30 % or less (see Section 1.4 ) by mass of the material is retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be used with Method A or B.NOTE 2Results have been found to vary slightly when a material is tested at the same compacti
17、ve effort in different size molds, with the smaller moldsize typically yielding larger values of density/unit weight (1, pp. 21+).21.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass of oversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not beincluded in the test, corrections must be made
18、 to the unit mass and molding water content of the specimen or to the appropriatefield-in-place density test specimen using Practice D4718.1.5 This test method will generally produce a well-defined maximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If this testmethod is used for free-draining soil
19、s the maximum unit weight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtained using TestMethods D4253.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6.1 For purposes of c
20、omparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shallbe rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded a
21、s the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common pr
22、actice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard
23、. The values stated in SI units are provided for informationonly, except for units of mass. The units for mass are given in SI units only, g or kg.1.7.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) anda force (lbf). This implic
24、itly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. Itis scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This standard hasbeen written using the gravitational system of units when dea
25、ling with the inch-pound system. In this system, the pound (lbf)represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording ofdensity in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with this standard.1.8 This standard does not purp
26、ort to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C127
27、Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD2168
28、 Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil CompactorsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Des
29、cription and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibrator
30、y TableD4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of So
31、il and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in a Test PitD5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils
32、 Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the A
33、STM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D698 122E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Met
34、hodIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): the Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.3.1.2 molding water content, nthe adjusted water content of a soil (material) that will be compacted/reconstituted.3
35、.1.3 standard effortin compaction testing, the term for the 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3) compactive effort applied by theequipment and methods of this test.3.1.4 standard maximum dry unit weight, gd,maxin lbf/ft3(kN/m3)in compaction testing, the maximum value defined by thecompaction curve for a c
36、ompaction test using standard effort.3.1.5 standard optimum water content, woptin %in compaction testing, the molding water content at which a soil can becompacted to the maximum dry unit weight using standard compactive effort.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 oversize fracti
37、on (coarse fraction), PCin % the portion of total specimen not used in performing the compaction test;it may be the portion of total specimen retained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A,38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B,or34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.3.2.2 test fraction (finer fraction),
38、 PFin % the portion of the total specimen used in performing the compaction test; it is thefraction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A, passing the38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or passing the34-in.(19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A soil at a selected molding w
39、ater content is placed in three layers into a mold of given dimensions, with each layercompacted by 25 or 56 blows of a 5.50-lbf (24.47-N) rammer dropped from a distance of 12.00 in. (304.8 mm), subjecting thesoil to a total compactive effort of about 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3). The resulting dr
40、y unit weight is determined. Theprocedure is repeated for a sufficient number of molding water contents to establish a relationship between the dry unit weight andthe molding water content for the soil. This data, when plotted, represents a curvilinear relationship known as the compactioncurve. The
41、values of optimum water content and standard maximum dry unit weight are determined from the compaction curve.5. Significance and Use5.1 Soil placed as engineering fill (embankments, foundation pads, road bases) is compacted to a dense state to obtainsatisfactory engineering properties such as, shea
42、r strength, compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils are oftencompacted to improve their engineering properties. Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining the percentcompaction and molding water content needed to achieve the required engineering properties,
43、 and for controlling construction toassure that the required compaction and water contents are achieved.5.2 During design of an engineered fill, shear, consolidation, permeability, or other tests require preparation of test specimensby compacting at some molding water content to some unit weight. It
44、 is common practice to first determine the optimum watercontent (wopt) and maximum dry unit weight (gd,max) by means of a compaction test. Test specimens are compacted at a selectedmolding water content (w), either wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt), and at a selected dry unit weight
45、related toa percentage of maximum dry unit weight (gd,max). The selection of molding water content (w), either wet or dry of optimum (wopt)or at optimum (wopt) and the dry unit weight (gd,max) may be based on past experience, or a range of values may be investigatedto determine the necessary percent
46、 of compaction.5.3 Experience indicates that the methods outlined in 5.2 or the construction control aspects discussed in 5.1 are extremelydifficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealing with certain soils. 5.3.1-5.3.3 describe typical problem soils, theproblems encountered when deali
47、ng with such soils and possible solutions for these problems.5.3.1 Oversize FractionSoils containing more than 30 % oversize fraction (material retained on the34-in. (19-mm) sieve) area problem. For such soils, there is no ASTM test method to control their compaction and very few laboratories are eq
48、uipped todetermine the laboratory maximum unit weight (density) of such soils (USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO and U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS).Although Test Methods D4914 and D5030 determine the “field” dry unit weight of such soils,they are difficult and expensive to perform.
49、5.3.1.1 One method to design and control the compaction of such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree ofcompaction and the method to obtain that compaction, followed by use of a method specification to control the compaction.Components of a method specification typically contain the type and size of compaction equipment to be used, the lift thickness,acceptable range in molding water content, and the number of passes.NOTE 3Success in executing the compaction control of an earthwork project, especially when a metho
