1、Designation: D 70 08Standard Test Method forDensity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials (PycnometerMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 70; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination o
3、f the relativedensity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials, asphaltcements, and soft tar pitches by use of a pycnometer.NOTE 1An alternate method for determining the density of semi-solidand solid bituminous materials is Test Method D 3289. For materialswhich are too fluid for use of this
4、test method, use Test Method D 3142.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to the regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of
5、this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD 140 Practice for S
6、ampling Bituminous MaterialsD 3142 Test Method for Specific Gravity, API Gravity, orDensity of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer MethodD 3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and SolidBituminous Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D 4311 Practice for Determining Asphalt Volume Correc-tion to a Base
7、TemperatureE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers2.2 Other:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of a material.3.1.2 relative densitythe ratio of the mass of a givenvolume of a mater
8、ial to the mass of the same volume of waterat the same temperature (see Note 2).NOTE 2Relative density is also described as specific gravity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is placed in a calibrated pycnometer. Thepycnometer and sample are weighed, then the remainingvolume is filled with wat
9、er. The filled pycnometer is brought tothe test temperature, and weighed. The density of the sample iscalculated from its mass and the mass of water displaced by thesample in the filled pycnometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 Values of density are used for converting volumes tounits of mass, and for c
10、orrecting measured volumes from thetemperature of measurement to a standard temperature usingPractice D 4311.6. Apparatus6.1 Pycnometer, glass, consisting of a cylindrical or conicalvessel carefully ground to receive an accurately fitting glassstopper 22 to 26 mm in diameter. The stopper shall be pr
11、ovidedwith a hole 1.0 to 2.0 mm in diameter, centrally located inreference to the vertical axis. The top surface of the stoppershall be substantially plane and have no chips, and the lowersurface shall be concave to allow all air to escape through thebore. The height of the concave section shall be
12、4.0 to 18.0 mmat the center. The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacityof 24 to 30 mL and shall weigh not more than 40 g. Suitablepycnometers are illustrated in Fig. 1.6.2 Water Bath, constant-temperature, capable of maintain-ing the temperature within 0.1C (0.2F) of the test tempera-ture.1This
13、test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.47 onMiscellaneous Asphalt Tests.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2
14、003 as D 70 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
15、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Jun 25 21:24:47 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.6.3 Thermometric device, calibrated liquid in glass,
16、 totalimmersion type, of suitable range with graduations at leastevery 0.1C (0.2F) and a maximum scale error of 0.1C(0.2F) as prescribed in Specification E1. Thermometer com-monly used is ASTM 63C (63F). Any other thermometricdevice of equal accuracy may be used.6.4 Balance, capable of making the re
17、quired measurementsto an accuracy of at least 0.001g.6.5 Beaker, 600 mL or larger Griffin low-form beaker.7. Materials7.1 WaterFreshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionizedwater.8. Hazards8.1 Warning: Mercury has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many s
18、tateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervoussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the applicable product Material Safety Dat
19、aSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitewww.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should beaware that selling mercury, mercury containing products, orboth, into your state may be prohibited by state law.9. Sampling9.1 Take samples in accordance with Practice D 140. Thesample sha
20、ll be free of foreign substances.9.2 Thoroughly mix the sample before removing a repre-sentative portion for testing.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Partially fill a 600-mL or larger Griffin low-formbeaker with freshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionizedwater to a level that will allow the top
21、 of the pycnometer to beimmersed to a depth of not less than 40 mm.10.2 Partially immerse the beaker in the water bath to adepth sufficient to allow the bottom of the beaker to beimmersed to a depth of not less than 100 mm, while the top ofthe beaker is above the water level of the bath. Utilize som
22、emethod to ensure that the beaker does not tip over, whilemaking sure that circulation of the water in the conditioningbath around the beaker is not restricted.10.3 Maintain the temperature of the water bath within0.1C (0.2F) of the test temperature.11. Calibration of Pycnometer11.1 Thoroughly clean
23、, dry, and weigh the pycnometer tothe nearest 0.001 g. Designate this mass as A.11.2 Remove the beaker from the water bath if necessary.Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or deionizedwater, placing the stopper loosely in the pycnometer. Place thepycnometer in the beaker and press the
24、stopper firmly in place.Return the beaker to the water bath if previously removed.NOTE 3Calibration must be done at the test temperature. A pycnom-eter calibrated at one temperature cannot be used at a different temperaturewithout recalibration at that temperature.11.3 Allow the pycnometer to remain
25、 in the water for aperiod of not less than 30 min. Remove the pycnometer,immediately dry the top of the stopper with one stroke of a drytowel (Note 4), then quickly dry the remaining outside area ofthe pycnometer and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g. Designate themass of the pycnometer plus water as B.N
26、OTE 4Do not redry the top of the stopper even if a small droplet ofwater forms as a result of expansion. If the top is dried at the instant ofremoving the pycnometer from the water, the proper mass of the contentsat the test temperature will be recorded. If moisture condenses on thepycnometer during
27、 weighing, quickly redry the outside of the pycnometer(excluding the top) before recording the mass.12. Procedure12.1 Preparation of SampleHeat the sample with care,stirring to prevent local overheating, until the sample hasbecome sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case should thetemperature be raise
28、d to more than 55C (131F) above theexpected softening point for tar, or to more than 110C (230F)above the expected softening point for asphalt. Do not heat formore than 60 min, and avoid incorporating air bubbles into thesample.12.2 Pour enough sample into the clean, dry, warmedpycnometer to fill it
29、 about three fourths of its capacity. Takeprecautions to keep the material from touching the sides of thepycnometer above the final level and prevent the inclusion ofair bubbles (Note 5). Allow the pycnometer and its contents toFIG. 1 Suitable Pycnometers and StopperD70082Copyright by ASTM Intl (all
30、 rights reserved); Wed Jun 25 21:24:47 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.cool to ambient temperature for a period of not less than 40 minand weigh with the stopper to the nearest 0.001 g. Designatethe mass of the pycnomet
31、er plus sample as C.NOTE 5If any air bubbles are inadvertently occluded, remove bybrushing the surface of the asphalt in the pycnometer with a high “soft”flame of a bunsen burner or torch. To avoid overheating, do not allow theflame to remain in contact with the asphalt more than a few seconds at an
32、yone time.12.3 Remove the beaker from the water bath if necessary.Fill the pycnometer containing the asphalt with freshly boileddistilled or deionized water, placing the stopper loosely in thepycnometer. Do not allow any air bubbles to remain in thepycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and
33、press thestopper firmly in place. Return the beaker to the water bath ifpreviously removed.12.4 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water bath fora period of not less than 30 min. Remove the pycnometer fromthe bath. Dry and weigh using the same technique and timingas that employed in 11.3. Designa
34、te this mass of pycnometerplus sample plus water as D.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the relative density to the nearest 0.001 asfollows:relative density 5 C 2 A!/B 2 A! 2 D 2 C!# (1)where:A = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper),B = mass of pycnometer filled with water,C = mass of pycnometer partially
35、filled with asphalt, andD = mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water.13.2 Calculate density to the nearest 0.001 as follows:Density 5 relative density 3 WT(2)where:WT= density of water at the test temperature (Note 6).NOTE 6Density of water from CRC Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics:Temperature, C
36、Density of Water, kg/m3(kg/L)15.0 999.1 (0.9991)25.0 997.0 (0.9970)14. Report14.1 Report density to the nearest 1 kg/m3(0.001 kg/L) andthe test temperature.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Single Operator PrecisionThe single-operator stan-dard deviation for the relative density of semi-solid bituminousmat
37、erials has been found to be 0.0013 at 15.6C (60F) and0.00082 at 25.0C (77F). Therefore, results of two properlyconducted tests by the same operator on the same materialshould not differ by more than the following values (see Note7):Test Temperature, C Density, kg/m3(kg/L)15.0 3.5 (0.0035)25.0 2.3 (0
38、.0023)15.2 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratory stan-dard deviation for the relative density of semi-solid bituminousmaterials has been found to be 0.0024 at 15.6C and 0.0019 at25.0C. Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests bytwo laboratories on samples of the same material should
39、 notdiffer by more than the following values (see Note 6):Test Temperature, C Density, kg/m3(kg/L)15.0 6.7 (0.0067)25.0 5.3 (0.0053)NOTE 7These number represent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S)limits as described in Practice C 670.15.3 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure
40、 in this test method for measuring density becauseno material having an accepted reference value is available.16. Keywords16.1 density; pycnometer; relative density; specific gravityD70083Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Jun 25 21:24:47 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS)
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44、 a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of th
45、is standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Precision of Relative Density Data for Semi-Solid Bituminous MaterialsTemperatureCSingle-Operator Multilab
46、oratoryDegrees ofFreedom(1S) (D2S)Degrees ofFreedom(1S) (D2S)Asphalt 15.6 54 0.0011 0.0032 24 0.0018 0.005125.0 54 0.00080 0.0023 24 0.0024 0.0068Soft tar pitch 15.6 72 0.0013 0.0038 27 0.0029 0.008325.0 72 0.00083 0.0023 27 0.0017 0.0048Pooled values 15.6 114 0.0013 0.0035 51 0.0024 0.006725.0 114 0.00082 0.0023 51 0.0019 0.0053D70084Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Jun 25 21:24:47 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
