1、Designation: D 70 091Standard Test Method forDensity of Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials (PycnometerMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 70; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEValues in Table 1 were editorially corrected in Ju
3、ly 2009.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relativedensity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials, asphaltcements, and soft tar pitches by use of a pycnometer.NOTE 1An alternate method for determining the density of semi-solidand solid bituminous materials is Test
4、Method D 3289. For materialswhich are too fluid for use of this test method, use Test Method D 3142.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to the regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any,
5、associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statement
6、sfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 3142 Test Method for Specific Gravity, API Gravity, orDensity of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer MethodD 3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and SolidBituminous Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)D 431
7、1 Practice for Determining Asphalt Volume Correc-tion to a Base TemperatureE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers2.2 Other:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of a material.3.1.2 r
8、elative densitythe ratio of the mass of a givenvolume of a material to the mass of the same volume of waterat the same temperature (see Note 2).NOTE 2Relative density is also described as specific gravity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is placed in a calibrated pycnometer. Thepycnometer and
9、 sample are weighed, then the remainingvolume is filled with water. The filled pycnometer is brought tothe test temperature, and weighed. The density of the sample iscalculated from its mass and the mass of water displaced by thesample in the filled pycnometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 Values of de
10、nsity are used for converting volumes tounits of mass, and for correcting measured volumes from thetemperature of measurement to a standard temperature usingPractice D 4311.6. Apparatus6.1 Pycnometer, glass, consisting of a cylindrical or conicalvessel carefully ground to receive an accurately fitti
11、ng glassstopper 22 to 26 mm in diameter. The stopper shall be providedwith a hole 1.0 to 2.0 mm in diameter, centrally located inreference to the vertical axis. The top surface of the stoppershall be substantially plane and have no chips, and the lower1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
12、STM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.47 onMiscellaneous Asphalt Tests.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 70 08.2For referenced ASTM standards
13、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Internati
14、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.surface shall be concave to allow all air to escape through thebore. The height of the concave section shall be 4.0 to 18.0 mmat the center. The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacityof 24 to 30 mL and shal
15、l weigh not more than 40 g. Suitablepycnometers are illustrated in Fig. 1.6.2 Water Bath, constant-temperature, capable of maintain-ing the temperature within 0.1C (0.2F) of the test tempera-ture.6.3 Thermometric device, calibrated liquid in glass, totalimmersion type, of suitable range with graduat
16、ions at leastevery 0.1C (0.2F) and a maximum scale error of 0.1C(0.2F) as prescribed in Specification E1. Thermometer com-monly used is ASTM 63C (63F). Any other thermometricdevice of equal accuracy may be used.6.4 Balance, capable of making the required measurementsto an accuracy of at least 0.001g
17、.6.5 Beaker, 600 mL or larger Griffin low-form beaker.7. Materials7.1 WaterFreshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionizedwater.8. Hazards8.1 Warning: Mercury has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause
18、central nervoussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the applicable product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitewww.epa.go
19、v/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should beaware that selling mercury, mercury containing products, orboth, into your state may be prohibited by state law.9. Sampling9.1 Take samples in accordance with Practice D 140. Thesample shall be free of foreign substances.9.2 Thoroughly mix
20、the sample before removing a repre-sentative portion for testing.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Partially fill a 600-mL or larger Griffin low-formbeaker with freshly boiled and cooled distilled or deionizedwater to a level that will allow the top of the pycnometer to beimmersed to a depth of not l
21、ess than 40 mm.10.2 Partially immerse the beaker in the water bath to adepth sufficient to allow the bottom of the beaker to beimmersed to a depth of not less than 100 mm, while the top ofthe beaker is above the water level of the bath. Utilize somemethod to ensure that the beaker does not tip over,
22、 whilemaking sure that circulation of the water in the conditioningbath around the beaker is not restricted.10.3 Maintain the temperature of the water bath within0.1C (0.2F) of the test temperature.11. Calibration of Pycnometer11.1 Thoroughly clean, dry, and weigh the pycnometer tothe nearest 0.001
23、g. Designate this mass as A.11.2 Remove the beaker from the water bath if necessary.Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or deionizedwater, placing the stopper loosely in the pycnometer. Place thepycnometer in the beaker and press the stopper firmly in place.Return the beaker to the wat
24、er bath if previously removed.NOTE 3Calibration must be done at the test temperature. A pycnom-eter calibrated at one temperature cannot be used at a different temperaturewithout recalibration at that temperature.11.3 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water for aperiod of not less than 30 min. R
25、emove the pycnometer,immediately dry the top of the stopper with one stroke of a drytowel (Note 4), then quickly dry the remaining outside area ofthe pycnometer and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g. Designate themass of the pycnometer plus water as B.NOTE 4Do not redry the top of the stopper even if a s
26、mall droplet ofwater forms as a result of expansion. If the top is dried at the instant ofremoving the pycnometer from the water, the proper mass of the contentsat the test temperature will be recorded. If moisture condenses on thepycnometer during weighing, quickly redry the outside of the pycnomet
27、er(excluding the top) before recording the mass.12. Procedure12.1 Preparation of SampleHeat the sample with care,stirring to prevent local overheating, until the sample hasbecome sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case should thetemperature be raised to more than 55C (131F) above theexpected softenin
28、g point for tar, or to more than 110C (230F)FIG. 1 Suitable Pycnometers and StopperD700912above the expected softening point for asphalt. Do not heat formore than 60 min, and avoid incorporating air bubbles into thesample.12.2 Pour enough sample into the clean, dry, warmedpycnometer to fill it about
29、 three fourths of its capacity. Takeprecautions to keep the material from touching the sides of thepycnometer above the final level and prevent the inclusion ofair bubbles (Note 5). Allow the pycnometer and its contents tocool to ambient temperature for a period of not less than 40 minand weigh with
30、 the stopper to the nearest 0.001 g. Designatethe mass of the pycnometer plus sample as C.NOTE 5If any air bubbles are inadvertently occluded, remove bybrushing the surface of the asphalt in the pycnometer with a high “soft”flame of a bunsen burner or torch. To avoid overheating, do not allow thefla
31、me to remain in contact with the asphalt more than a few seconds at anyone time.12.3 Remove the beaker from the water bath if necessary.Fill the pycnometer containing the asphalt with freshly boileddistilled or deionized water, placing the stopper loosely in thepycnometer. Do not allow any air bubbl
32、es to remain in thepycnometer. Place the pycnometer in the beaker and press thestopper firmly in place. Return the beaker to the water bath ifpreviously removed.12.4 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water bath fora period of not less than 30 min. Remove the pycnometer fromthe bath. Dry and weig
33、h using the same technique and timingas that employed in 11.3. Designate this mass of pycnometerplus sample plus water as D.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the relative density to the nearest 0.001 asfollows:relative density 5 C 2 A!/B 2 A! 2 D 2 C!# (1)where:A = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper),B =
34、mass of pycnometer filled with water,C = mass of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt, andD = mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water.13.2 Calculate density to the nearest 0.001 as follows:Density 5 relative density 3 WT(2)where:WT= density of water at the test temperature (Note 6).NOTE 6Dens
35、ity of water from CRC Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics:Temperature, C Density of Water, kg/m3(kg/L)15.6 999.0 (0.9990)25.0 997.0 (0.9970)14. Report14.1 Report density to the nearest 1 kg/m3(0.001 kg/L) andthe test temperature.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Single Operator PrecisionThe single-operatorpoo
36、led standard deviation for the relative density (specificgravity) of semi-solid bituminous materials has been found tobe 0.0013 at 15.6C (60F) and 0.00082 at 25.0C (77F) (seeTable 1). Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests bythe same operator on the same material should not differ bymore
37、 than the following values (see Note 7):Test Temperature, C Density, kg/m3(kg/L)15.6 3.7 (0.0037)25.0 2.3 (0.0023)15.2 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratorypooled standard deviation for the relative density (specificgravity) of semi-solid bituminous materials has been found tobe 0.0024 at 15.
38、6C and 0.0019 at 25.0C (see Table 1).Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by twolaboratories on samples of the same material should not differby more than the following values (see Note 6):Test Temperature, C Density, kg/m3(kg/L)15.6 6.8 (0.0068)25.0 5.4 (0.0054)NOTE 7These number repr
39、esent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S)limits as described in Practice C 670.15.3 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure in this test method for measuring density becauseno material having an accepted reference value is available.16. Keywords16.1 density; pycnometer; relativ
40、e density; specific gravityD700913SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D04 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D 70 08)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2009.)(1) Updated Note 6, 15.1, and 15.2.ASTM International takes no position r
41、especting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.Thi
42、s standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Inte
43、rnational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown
44、below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-95
45、55 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Precision of Relative Density Data for Semi-Solid Bituminous MaterialsTemperatureCSingle-Operator MultilaboratoryDegrees ofFreedom(1S) (D2S)Degrees ofFreedom(1S) (D2S)Asphalt 15.6 54 0.0011 0.0032 24 0.0018 0.005125.0 54 0.00080 0.0023 24 0.0024 0.0068Soft tar pitch 15.6 72 0.0013 0.0038 27 0.0029 0.008325.0 72 0.00083 0.0023 27 0.0017 0.0048Pooled values 15.6 114 0.0013 0.0037 51 0.0024 0.006825.0 114 0.00082 0.0023 51 0.0019 0.0053D700914
