1、Designation: D 710 97 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Specification forVulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used forElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Def
3、ense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers vulcanized fibre (Note 1)sheets, round rods, and round tubes of such grades suitable foruse as electrical insulation.NOTE 1The variant spelling “fibre” has been approved by CommitteeD09 for use in this standard.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are
4、to be regardedas the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation2D 619 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electri-cal Insulation2D 696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-pan
5、sion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C With aVitreous Silica Dilatometer3D 952 Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of SheetPlastics and Electrical Insulating Materials3D 3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating Materials42.2 Other Documents:5IEEE Publication N
6、o. 1, “General Principles for Tempera-ture Limits in the Rating of Electrical Equipment.”3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 vulcanized fibre, na material made from chemicallygelatinized cellulosic paper or board using zinc chloride as thegelatinizing agent.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe zinc chloride is sub
7、sequently re-moved by leaching. The resulting product, after being driedand finished by calendering, is a material of partially regener-ated cellulose in which the fibrous structure is retained invarying degrees depending on the grade of paper used and onthe processing conditions. Material up to abo
8、ut 25 mm inthickness is produced by bonding multiple layers of paper (orboard) after chemical treatment. Vulcanized fibre does notcontain vulcanized rubber or sulfur as the name might imply.Thin vulcanized fibre has sometimes been termed “fish paper.”4. Grades4.1 Three grades of vulcanized fibre are
9、 covered, as follows:4.1.1 Bone GradeThis grade is characterized by thegreater hardness and stiffness associated with higher density. Itmachines more smoothly and with less tendency to separate theplies in difficult machining operations than the other grades. Itis made in thickness of132 to14 in. (0
10、.79 to 6.35 mm).4.1.2 Commercial GradeThis grade is considered as thegeneral-purpose grade and is sometimes referred to as me-chanical and electrical grade. It possesses good physical andelectrical properties and can be fabricated satisfactorily bypunching, turning, and forming operations. It is mad
11、e inthicknesses from 0.010 to14 in. (0.25 to 6.35 mm).4.1.3 Electrical Insulation GradeThis grade is intendedprimarily for electrical applications and others involving diffi-cult bending or forming operations. It is made in thicknessesfrom 0.004 to18 in. (0.10 to 3.2 mm). Thin material of thisgrade
12、is sometimes referred to as “fish paper.”4.2 The three grades of fibre are available in laminated sheetform in greater thicknesses than those listed in 4.1.1 to 4.1.3.Laminated (or built-up) fibre is composed of a number of pliesbonded together with a suitable adhesive. It retains all the basicprope
13、rties of solid fibre, including high arc resistance on edgesand faces, and in addition has better dimensional stability andless warpage. Laminated fibre is usually furnished when thethickness is over14 in. (6.35 mm), and may be furnished inthicknesses down to18 in. (3.2 mm). Thicknesses up to 4 in.(
14、102 mm) are commercially available.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1997. Published
15、 November 1997. Originallypublished as D 710 43 T. Last previous edition D 710 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.5Available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445Hoes Ln., P.
16、O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 Thin sheet material, up to116 in. thick is available in alower density uncalendered condition which may not meet therequirements of this speci
17、fication.5. Forms and Colors5.1 Vulcanized fibre is available in the forms and colorslisted in Table 1.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The material shall conform to the requirements forchemical composition prescribed in Table 2.7. Detail Requirements7.1 SheetsSheet material, calendered only, unless other
18、-wise specified, shall conform to the requirements as to physicaland electrical properties prescribed in Tables 3-9.7.1.1 Bond Strength (Laminated Sheets Only)Tested inaccordance with Test Method D 952 shall conform to thefollowing requirements:Thicknesses Psi, (MPa) minAll 800 (5.5)7.2 Round RodsRo
19、und rods shall conform to the require-ments as to physical properties prescribed in Tables 10 and 11,and Table 12.7.3 Round TubesRound tubes shall conform to the re-quirements as to physical and electrical properties prescribed inTables 13 and 14. Density of tubing shall conform to therequirements p
20、rescribed in Table 6 for the respective grade andthickness.8. Sheet Sizes and Permissible Variations8.1 Sheets shall be furnished in the manufacturers standardsheet sizes.NOTE 2The range of manufacturers standard sizes for the variousgrades and thicknesses are shown in Table 15.8.2 When sheets and r
21、olls are trimmed to a specified width,the maximum permissible variation in width is 612 in. (612.7mm).8.3 When sheets are trimmed to a specified length, themaximum permissible variation in length is 612 in.8.4 The maximum permissible variations in widths of stripscut from sheets by the indicated ope
22、rations are as prescribed inTable 16.8.5 The maximum permissible variation in thickness of fullsheets is as prescribed in Table 17.8.6 The maximum permissible variations in thickness ofsheets cut in halves, thirds, or quarters are as shown in Table17.9. Rod Sizes and Permissible Variations9.1 Furnis
23、h rods in the same nominal sizes as sheets. Cutrods from sheet, the length being limited by the length of thesheet.TABLE 1 Forms and Colors AvailableGrades FormsAColorsBBone sheets and rods,tubesgraygray, black, redCommercial sheets and rods gray, black, redElectrical Insulation sheets grayASheets a
24、nd rods are available in both single-layer and laminated form. Thinsheets are available in both rolls and flat sheets in thicknesses up to116 in. (1.6mm).BIn any of these standard colors, considerable variation of shade may beexpected.TABLE 2 Chemical RequirementsGrade ColorZinc Chloride,max, %Ash m
25、ax, %Silica Content,max, %All gray, black 0.1 1.5 0.3red 0.1 7 0.3TABLE 3 Flexural Strength Requirement for Sheets, min, psi(MPa)Nominal Thickness in.(mm)Bone Grade Commercial GradeLength-wiseCross-wiseLength-wiseCross-wise116(1.59) up to18(3.18), incl16 000(110)14 000(97)15 000A(103)13 000A(90)Over
26、18(3.18) to12(12.7), incl15 000(103)13 000(90)14 000(97)12 000(83)Over12(12.7) to 1(25.4), incl. . 13 000(90)11 000(76)AThese two values also apply to Electrical Insulation Grade.TABLE 4 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirementsfor SheetsGradeNominal Thickness,in. (mm)Water Absorption,Am
27、ax, %DielectricStrength,Bmin,V/mil (kV/mm)2 h 24 hBone132(0.79) 55 63 175 (6.9)116(1.59) 30 55 175 (6.9)18(3.18) 20 48 150 (5.9)316(4.76) 17 42 100 (3.9)14(6.35) 14 37 100 (3.9)Commercial132(0.79) 60 68 175 (6.9)116(1.59) 52 66 175 (6.9)18(3.18) 35 61 150 (5.9)316(4.76) 24 56 100 (3.9)14(6.35) 20 52
28、 100 (3.9)Electrical 0.004 to 0.007 . . 200 (7.9)insulation (0.10 to 0.18),inclover 0.007 to 0.040 . . 250 (9.8)(0.18 to 1.02),inclover 0.040 to18 . . 175 (6.9)(1.02 to 3.18),incl132(0.80) 60 68 .116(1.59) 52 66 .18(3.17) 35 61 .14(6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)516(7.94) 17 47 100 (3.9)38(9.52) 15 43 100 (3.
29、9)716(11.11) 14 39 50 (2.0)12(12.7) 13 36 50 (2.0)58(15.88) 11 31A34(19.05) 10 27A78(22.22) 8 23A1 (25.4) 8 21A114(31.8) 8 18A112(38.1) 8 17A2 (50.8) and over 8 17AAFor intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next smaller thickness shallapply.BFor intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next
30、 larger thickness shallapply.D 710 97 (2002)29.2 The maximum permissible variations in diameters ofrods are as shown in Table 18.9.3 The maximum permissible variations in lengths ofcircular sawed pieces of rods are as shown in Table 19.10. Tube Sizes and Permissible Variations10.1 The sizes of tubin
31、g are as shown in Table 20 and Table21.10.2 The maximum permissible variations in inside andoutside diameters of tubes are as shown in Table 22.10.3 The maximum permissible variations in length ofcircular sawed pieces of tubes are as shown in Table 23.11. Workmanship11.1 The material shall be unifor
32、m in quality and consistentwith the properties prescribed in this specification. It shall befree of blisters, and reasonably free of wrinkles, cracks,scratches, and dents.12. Sampling12.1 To determine conformance with the requirements ofthis specification, sample lots in accordance with InspectionLe
33、vel S-2 of Practice D 3636.13. Test Methods13.1 Condition vulcanized fibre and test in accordance withTest Methods D 619.TABLE 5 Bursting Strength Requirements for Sheets,min, psi (MPa)NominalThickness, in.(mm)Bone GradeCommercialGradeElectrical Insula-tion Grade0.005 (0.13) . . 65 (0.4)0.007 (0.18)
34、 . . 95 (8.7)0.010 (0.25) . 125 (0.9) 125 (0.9)0.012 (0.30) . 150 (1.0) 150 (1.0)0.015 (0.38) . 185 (1.3) 185 (1.3)0.020 (0.51) . 250 (1.7) 250 (1.7)0.030 (0.76) 325 (2.2) 375 (2.6) 375 (2.6)0.045 (1.14) 470 (3.2) 560 (3.9) 560 (3.9)0.060 (1.52) 550 (3.8) 750 (5.2) 750 (5.2)TABLE 6 Density Requireme
35、nts for Sheets, min, g/cm3ANominal Thickness orDiameter, in. (mm)Commercial Grade Electric Insulation GradeUncalen-deredCalen-deredUncalen-deredCalen-deredUnder 0.010 (0.25) . . 0.90 1.000.010 to 0.015 incl,(0.25 + 0.38),1.05 1.10 1.00 1.10Over 0.015 to332 incl, (0.38to 2.38),1.10 1.15 1.10 1.15Over
36、332 to18 incl, (2.38 to3.18),1.15 1.20 1.15 1.20Over18to58 incl, (3.18 to15.88),. 1.20 . .Over58to 1 incl, (15.88 to25.4),. 1.10 . .Over1to114 incl, (25.4 to31.8),. 1.05 . .Over 114 (31.8) . 1.01 . .AThe minimum density of all forms and thicknesses of bone grade shall be 1.30g/cm3.TABLE 7 Tearing St
37、rength Requirements for Sheets,Electric Insulation GradeNominal Thickness,in. (mm)Machine Direction,min, gCross Direction,min, g0.005 (0.13) 75 1000.007 (0.18) 150 1750.010 (0.25) 225 2750.012 (0.30) 275 3350.015 (0.38) 350 425TABLE 8 Impact Strength Requirements for SheetsGradeNominal Thickness,in.
38、 (mm)Impact Strength, Izod, EdgewiseNotched, min, ft-lb/in. J/m ofnotchLengthwise CrosswiseBone116 to14 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.4 (75) 1.0 (53)Commercial116 to14 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)Electrical insulation116 to18 (1.59 to 3.2) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)TABLE 9 Hardness Requirements for Sheets 1/16 in. (1
39、.6 mm) orMore in ThicknessGrade Rockwell Hardness, minBone R 80Commercial R 50TABLE 10 Tensile Strength Requirements for Round Rods, min,psi (MPa)Nominal Diameter, in. (mm) Bone Grade Commercial Grade18 to12 (3.18 to 12.7), incl 8500 (59) 8000 (55)Over12 (12.7) . 7000 (48)TABLE 11 Water Absorption R
40、equirements for Round RodsGrade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)Water Absorption,max, %2 h 24 hBone116to316 (1.59 to 4.76), inclover316 to14 (4.76 to 6.35), incl35157550Commercial116to316 (1.59 to 4.76), incl 40 80over316 to12 (4.76 to 12.7), incl 20 60over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl 10 30over 1 8 25TABL
41、E 12 Density Requirements for Round RodsGrade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)Density g/cm3,minBone116to332 (1.59 to 2.38), incl 1.15over332 (2.38) 1.30Commercial over332 to58 (2.38 to 15.88), incl 1.20over58 to 1 (15.88 to 25.4), incl 1.10over1to114 (25.4 to 31.8), incl 1.05over 114 (31.8) 1.01TABLE 13 C
42、ompressive Strength Requirement for Round TubesGradeNominal Wall Thickness,in.A(mm)Axial CompressiveStrength, min, psi(MPa)Bone and commercial up to18 (3.18), incl 11 000 (76)over18 to516 (3.18 to 7.94),incl12 000 (33)AWall thickness132 in. min; outside diameter 2.0 in. max.D 710 97 (2002)314. Inspe
43、ction14.1 The purchaser and supplier shall agree upon theinspection as part of the purchase contract.TABLE 14 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirements for Round TubesGrade Nominal Wall Thickness, in. (mm)Water Absorption, max, %Dielectric Strength, min,V/mil (kV/mm)2 h 24 hBone and comm
44、ercial up to116 (1.59) . . 175 (6.9)over116 to18 (1.59 to 3.18), incl . . 150 (5.9)132to18 (0.79 to 3.18), incl 50 75 .over18 to14 (3.18 to 6.35), incl 20 50 100 (3.9)over14 to516 (6.35 to 7.94), incl 10 25 100 (3.9)TABLE 15 Range of Manufacturers Sheet SizesNOTE 1Due to variations in the size of ma
45、nufacturing equipment,there is some variation in the length and width of manufacturers standardsheet sizes. Consult manufacturers catalogs for sizes available. Theranges of manufacturers standard sheet sizes are as follows:Grade Width, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm)Bone 40 to 54 66 to 86(1016 to 1322) (1
46、676 to 2184)Commercial 45 to 56 72 to 90(1143 to 1422) (1829 to 2286)Electrical insulation 46 to 56 80 to 90(1168 to 1422) (2032 to 2286)Laminated form 48 39 to 120(1219) (991 to 3048)TABLE 16 Permissible Variations in Widths of Strip Cut fromSheets of All Grades, Plus or Minus, in.AWidth, in. (mm)S
47、lit (RibbonRolls)ShearedBandSawedSmoothSawed316(4.76) and under 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.00614 to12 (6.35 to 12.7), incl 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.008916to 1 (14.29 to 25.4), incl 0.020 0.030 0.045 0.010118to 2 (28.58 to 50.8), incl 0.030 0.040 0.060 0.012Over 2 to 4 (50.8 to 101.6) 0.040 0.050 0.075 0.014AOn
48、strip of widths not listed in this table, the permissible variations shall be thesame as for the next greater width.D 710 97 (2002)415. Rejection and Rehearing15.1 Material that fails to meet the requirements of thisspecification is subject to rejection. When the number ofdefectives for any test are
49、 in excess of the acceptance numberfor that test as determined by the AQL value agreed uponbetween the supplier and the user, this shall constitute a basisfor rejection.15.2 Report rejection to the producer or supplier promptlyand in writing. In the case of dissatisfaction with the actionstaken as a result of these tests, the producer or supplier maymake a claim for a rehearing.16. Certification16.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract,furnish a producers
