1、Designation: D 710 97 (Reapproved 2009)1An American National StandardStandard Specification forVulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used forElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Def
3、ense.1NOTEThe units statement in 1.2 was revised editorially in May 2009.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers vulcanized fibre (Note 1)sheets, round rods, and round tubes of such grades suitable foruse as electrical insulation.NOTE 1The variant spelling “fibre” has been approved by CommitteeD09 for
4、 use in this standard.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 495 Test Method fo
5、r High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc Resistance of Solid Electrical InsulationD 619 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electri-cal InsulationD 696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-pansion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with aVitreous Silica DilatometerD 952 Test Method for Bo
6、nd or Cohesive Strength of SheetPlastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating Materials2.2 Other Documents:3IEEE Publication No. 1, “General Principles for Tempera-ture Limits in the Rating of Electrical Equipment.”3. Termi
7、nology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 vulcanized fibre, na material made from chemicallygelatinized cellulosic paper or board using zinc chloride as thegelatinizing agent.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe zinc chloride is subsequently re-moved by leaching. The resulting product, after being driedand finished by calenderi
8、ng, is a material of partially regener-ated cellulose in which the fibrous structure is retained invarying degrees depending on the grade of paper used and onthe processing conditions. Material up to about 25 mm inthickness is produced by bonding multiple layers of paper (orboard) after chemical tre
9、atment. Vulcanized fibre does notcontain vulcanized rubber or sulfur as the name might imply.Thin vulcanized fibre has sometimes been termed “fish paper.”4. Grades4.1 Three grades of vulcanized fibre are covered, as follows:4.1.1 Bone GradeThis grade is characterized by thegreater hardness and stiff
10、ness associated with higher density. Itmachines more smoothly and with less tendency to separate theplies in difficult machining operations than the other grades. Itis made in thickness of132 to14 in. (0.79 to 6.35 mm).4.1.2 Commercial GradeThis grade is considered as thegeneral-purpose grade and is
11、 sometimes referred to as me-chanical and electrical grade. It possesses good physical andelectrical properties and can be fabricated satisfactorily bypunching, turning, and forming operations. It is made inthicknesses from 0.010 to14 in. (0.25 to 6.35 mm).4.1.3 Electrical Insulation GradeThis grade
12、 is intendedprimarily for electrical applications and others involving diffi-cult bending or forming operations. It is made in thicknessesfrom 0.004 to18 in. (0.10 to 3.2 mm). Thin material of thisgrade is sometimes referred to as “fish paper.”4.2 The three grades of fibre are available in laminated
13、 sheetform in greater thicknesses than those listed in 4.1.1 to 4.1.3.Laminated (or built-up) fibre is composed of a number of pliesbonded together with a suitable adhesive. It retains all the basic1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insula
14、ting Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 710 97(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. B
16、ox 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http:/www.ieee.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.properties of solid fibre, including high arc resistance on edgesand faces, and in addition has better dimensional stability andle
17、ss warpage. Laminated fibre is usually furnished when thethickness is over14 in. (6.35 mm), and may be furnished inthicknesses down to18 in. (3.2 mm). Thicknesses up to 4 in.(102 mm) are commercially available.4.3 Thin sheet material, up to116 in. thick is available in alower density uncalendered co
18、ndition which may not meet therequirements of this specification.5. Forms and Colors5.1 Vulcanized fibre is available in the forms and colorslisted in Table 1.6. Chemical Composition6.1 The material shall conform to the requirements forchemical composition prescribed in Table 2.7. Detail Requirement
19、s Detail Requirements7.1 SheetsSheet material, calendered only, unless other-wise specified, shall conform to the requirements as to physicaland electrical properties prescribed in Tables 3-9.7.1.1 Bond Strength (Laminated Sheets Only)Tested inaccordance with Test Method D 952 shall conform to thefo
20、llowing requirements:Thicknesses Psi, (MPa) minAll 800 (5.5)7.2 Round RodsRound rods shall conform to the require-ments as to physical properties prescribed in Tables 10 and 11,and Table 12.7.3 Round TubesRound tubes shall conform to the re-quirements as to physical and electrical properties prescri
21、bed inTables 13 and 14. Density of tubing shall conform to therequirements prescribed in Table 6 for the respective grade andthickness.8. Sheet Sizes and Permissible Variations8.1 Sheets shall be furnished in the manufacturers standardsheet sizes.NOTE 2The range of manufacturers standard sizes for t
22、he variousgrades and thicknesses are shown in Table 15.8.2 When sheets and rolls are trimmed to a specified width,the maximum permissible variation in width is 612 in. (612.7mm).8.3 When sheets are trimmed to a specified length, themaximum permissible variation in length is 612 in.8.4 The maximum pe
23、rmissible variations in widths of stripscut from sheets by the indicated operations are as prescribed inTable 16.8.5 The maximum permissible variation in thickness of fullsheets is as prescribed in Table 17.TABLE 1 Forms and Colors AvailableGrades FormsAColorsBBone sheets and rods,tubesgraygray, bla
24、ck, redCommercial sheets and rods gray, black, redElectrical Insulation sheets grayASheets and rods are available in both single-layer and laminated form. Thinsheets are available in both rolls and flat sheets in thicknesses up to116 in. (1.6mm).BIn any of these standard colors, considerable variati
25、on of shade may beexpected.TABLE 2 Chemical RequirementsGrade ColorZinc Chloride,max, %Ash max, %Silica Content,max, %All gray, black 0.1 1.5 0.3red 0.1 7 0.3TABLE 3 Flexural Strength Requirement for Sheets, min, psi(MPa)Nominal Thickness in.(mm)Bone Grade Commercial GradeLength-wiseCross-wiseLength
26、-wiseCross-wise116 (1.59) up to18(3.18), incl16 000(110)14 000(97)15 000A(103)13 000A(90)Over18 (3.18) to12(12.7), incl15 000(103)13 000(90)14 000(97)12 000(83)Over12 (12.7) to 1(25.4), incl. . 13 000(90)11 000(76)AThese two values also apply to Electrical Insulation Grade.TABLE 4 Water Absorption a
27、nd Dielectric Strength Requirementsfor SheetsGradeNominal Thickness,in. (mm)Water Absorption,Amax, %DielectricStrength,Bmin,V/mil (kV/mm)2h 24hBone132 (0.79) 55 63 175 (6.9)116 (1.59) 30 55 175 (6.9)18 (3.18) 20 48 150 (5.9)316 (4.76) 17 42 100 (3.9)14 (6.35) 14 37 100 (3.9)Commercial132 (0.79) 60 6
28、8 175 (6.9)116 (1.59) 52 66 175 (6.9)18 (3.18) 35 61 150 (5.9)316 (4.76) 24 56 100 (3.9)14 (6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)Electrical 0.004 to 0.007 . . 200 (7.9)insulation (0.10 to 0.18),inclover 0.007 to 0.040 . . 250 (9.8)(0.18 to 1.02),inclover 0.040 to18 . . 175 (6.9)(1.02 to 3.18),incl132 (0.80) 60 68 .
29、116 (1.59) 52 66 .18 (3.17) 35 61 .14 (6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)516 (7.94) 17 47 100 (3.9)38 (9.52) 15 43 100 (3.9)716 (11.11) 14 39 50 (2.0)12 (12.7) 13 36 50 (2.0)58 (15.88) 11 31A34 (19.05) 10 27A78 (22.22) 8 23A1 (25.4) 8 21A114 (31.8) 8 18A112 (38.1) 8 17A2 (50.8) and over 8 17AAFor intermediate th
30、icknesses, the value for the next smaller thickness shallapply.BFor intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next larger thickness shallapply.D 710 97 (2009)128.6 The maximum permissible variations in thickness ofsheets cut in halves, thirds, or quarters are as shown in Table17.9. Rod Sizes and P
31、ermissible Variations9.1 Furnish rods in the same nominal sizes as sheets. Cutrods from sheet, the length being limited by the length of thesheet.9.2 The maximum permissible variations in diameters ofrods are as shown in Table 18.9.3 The maximum permissible variations in lengths ofcircular sawed pie
32、ces of rods are as shown in Table 19.10. Tube Sizes and Permissible Variations10.1 The sizes of tubing are as shown in Table 20 and Table21.10.2 The maximum permissible variations in inside andoutside diameters of tubes are as shown in Table 22.10.3 The maximum permissible variations in length ofcir
33、cular sawed pieces of tubes are as shown in Table 23.11. Workmanship11.1 The material shall be uniform in quality and consistentwith the properties prescribed in this specification. It shall befree of blisters, and reasonably free of wrinkles, cracks,scratches, and dents.TABLE 5 Bursting Strength Re
34、quirements for Sheets,min, psi (MPa)NominalThickness, in.(mm)Bone GradeCommercialGradeElectrical Insula-tion Grade0.005 (0.13) . . 65 (0.4)0.007 (0.18) . . 95 (8.7)0.010 (0.25) . 125 (0.9) 125 (0.9)0.012 (0.30) . 150 (1.0) 150 (1.0)0.015 (0.38) . 185 (1.3) 185 (1.3)0.020 (0.51) . 250 (1.7) 250 (1.7)
35、0.030 (0.76) 325 (2.2) 375 (2.6) 375 (2.6)0.045 (1.14) 470 (3.2) 560 (3.9) 560 (3.9)0.060 (1.52) 550 (3.8) 750 (5.2) 750 (5.2)TABLE 6 Density Requirements for Sheets, min, g/cm3ANominal Thickness orDiameter, in. (mm)Commercial Grade Electric Insulation GradeUncalen-deredCalen-deredUncalen-deredCalen
36、-deredUnder 0.010 (0.25) . . 0.90 1.000.010 to 0.015 incl,(0.25 + 0.38),1.05 1.10 1.00 1.10Over 0.015 to332 incl, (0.38to 2.38),1.10 1.15 1.10 1.15Over332 to18 incl, (2.38 to3.18),1.15 1.20 1.15 1.20Over18 to58 incl, (3.18 to15.88),. 1.20 . .Over58 to 1 incl, (15.88 to25.4),. 1.10 . .Over 1 to 114 i
37、ncl, (25.4 to31.8),. 1.05 . .Over 114 (31.8) . 1.01 . .AThe minimum density of all forms and thicknesses of bone grade shall be 1.30g/cm3.TABLE 7 Tearing Strength Requirements for Sheets,Electric Insulation GradeNominal Thickness,in. (mm)Machine Direction,min, gCross Direction,min, g0.005 (0.13) 75
38、1000.007 (0.18) 150 1750.010 (0.25) 225 2750.012 (0.30) 275 3350.015 (0.38) 350 425TABLE 8 Impact Strength Requirements for SheetsGradeNominal Thickness,in. (mm)Impact Strength, Izod, EdgewiseNotched, min, ft-lb/in. J/m ofnotchLengthwise CrosswiseBone116 to14 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.4 (75) 1.0 (53)Commerci
39、al116 to14 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)Electrical insulation116 to18 (1.59 to 3.2) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)TABLE 9 Hardness Requirements for Sheets 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) orMore in ThicknessGrade Rockwell Hardness, minBone R 80Commercial R 50TABLE 10 Tensile Strength Requirements for Round Rods, min,psi (MP
40、a)Nominal Diameter, in. (mm) Bone Grade Commercial Grade18 to12 (3.18 to 12.7), incl 8500 (59) 8000 (55)Over12 (12.7) . 7000 (48)TABLE 11 Water Absorption Requirements for Round RodsGrade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)Water Absorption,max, %2h 24hBone116 to316 (1.59 to 4.76), inclover316 to14 (4.76 to 6
41、.35), incl35157550Commercial116 to316 (1.59 to 4.76), incl 40 80over316 to12 (4.76 to 12.7), incl 20 60over12 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl 10 30over 1 8 25TABLE 12 Density Requirements for Round RodsGrade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)Density g/cm3,minBone116 to332 (1.59 to 2.38), incl 1.15over332 (2.38) 1
42、.30Commercial over332 to58 (2.38 to 15.88), incl 1.20over58 to 1 (15.88 to 25.4), incl 1.10over 1 to 114 (25.4 to 31.8), incl 1.05over 114 (31.8) 1.01TABLE 13 Compressive Strength Requirement for Round TubesGradeNominal Wall Thickness,in.A(mm)Axial CompressiveStrength, min, psi(MPa)Bone and commerci
43、al up to18 (3.18), incl 11 000 (76)over18 to516 (3.18 to 7.94),incl12 000 (33)AWall thickness132 in. min; outside diameter 2.0 in. max.D 710 97 (2009)1312. Sampling12.1 To determine conformance with the requirements ofthis specification, sample lots in accordance with InspectionLevel S-2 of Practice
44、 D 3636.13. Test Methods13.1 Condition vulcanized fibre and test in accordance withTest Methods D 619.14. Inspection14.1 The purchaser and supplier shall agree upon theinspection as part of the purchase contract.TABLE 14 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirements for Round TubesGrade Nomi
45、nal Wall Thickness, in. (mm)Water Absorption, max, %Dielectric Strength, min,V/mil (kV/mm)2h 24hBone and commercial up to116 (1.59) . . 175 (6.9)over116 to18 (1.59 to 3.18), incl . . 150 (5.9)132 to18 (0.79 to 3.18), incl 50 75 .over18 to14 (3.18 to 6.35), incl 20 50 100 (3.9)over14 to516 (6.35 to 7
46、.94), incl 10 25 100 (3.9)TABLE 15 Range of Manufacturers Sheet SizesNOTE 1Due to variations in the size of manufacturing equipment,there is some variation in the length and width of manufacturers standardsheet sizes. Consult manufacturers catalogs for sizes available. Theranges of manufacturers sta
47、ndard sheet sizes are as follows:Grade Width, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm)Bone 40 to 54 66 to 86(1016 to 1322) (1676 to 2184)Commercial 45 to 56 72 to 90(1143 to 1422) (1829 to 2286)Electrical insulation 46 to 56 80 to 90(1168 to 1422) (2032 to 2286)Laminated form 48 39 to 120(1219) (991 to 3048)TABLE
48、16 Permissible Variations in Widths of Strip Cut fromSheets of All Grades, Plus or Minus, in.AWidth, in. (mm)Slit (RibbonRolls)ShearedBandSawedSmoothSawed316 (4.76) and under 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.00614 to12 (6.35 to 12.7), incl 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.008916 to 1 (14.29 to 25.4), incl 0.020 0.030 0.045 0
49、.010118 to 2 (28.58 to 50.8), incl 0.030 0.040 0.060 0.012Over 2 to 4 (50.8 to 101.6) 0.040 0.050 0.075 0.014AOn strip of widths not listed in this table, the permissible variations shall be thesame as for the next greater width.TABLE 17 Permissible Variations in Thickness of Full Sheetsand Sheets Cut in Halves, Thirds, and Quarters of all GradesANominal Thickness, in. (mm)Full Sheets, plus orminus, in. (mm)12 ,13 ,14Sheets, plus orminus,in. (mm)0.004 to 0.040 (
