1、Designation: D8 13D8 13aStandard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.aggregate, na granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with a cementingmedium to form mortars or conc
3、rete, or alone as in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative chargeson the discontinuous phase.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of sui
4、table crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applic
5、ations. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is of
6、ten used in the Performance Graded Binder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt pavement, na structu
7、re consisting of one or more prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supporting layersof unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or base materialsasphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is atleast 15 % by
8、weight of the total blend and has reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and s
9、olvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in the mixture.bi
10、tumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved Feb. 1
11、, 2013June 15, 2013. Published February 2013July 2013. Originally published as D 8 12.approved in 1912. Last previous editionpublished 2012 approved in 2013 as D8D8 13.12. DOI: 10.1520/D000813. 10.1520/D0008-13A.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an AST
12、M standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published
13、by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam dist
14、illation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In North Am
15、erica bitumen is calledasphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also bituminized). Examples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2
16、) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and of other bases,that is developed simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.cation
17、ic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive chargeson the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of the combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cementclinker, and partly vitrifie
18、d slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious material produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) that portion of an aggregateretained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIO
19、NThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the sp
20、ecification.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stone crusher.cut-backcutback asphalt, npetrole
21、um residuum (asphalt) which has been blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distillation and are often referred to as road oils.cut-back products, npetroleum or tar residuums which have been blended with distillates.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggr
22、egate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, are relatively small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material for the express purpose
23、 of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the 38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve andpredominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve: or (2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve andretained on the 75-
24、m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading
25、 should be stated in the specifications.flux, na bituminous material, generally liquid, used for softening other bituminous materials.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the surface,or both. Medium and slow-setting b
26、ituminous emulsions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial means, orby nature.D8 13a2“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that is precipitated from a tar by dil
27、ution with carbon disulfide or benzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate choked in placewith an application of
28、screenings or sand; water is applied to the choke material for water-bound macadam. Multiple layers mustbe used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes, depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements usin
29、g appropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing andcompacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remaining after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphal
30、t binder with selectedsolvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which theentire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or base c
31、ourse produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bit
32、uminous material used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or hay mulch as a tie-down, also.naphthene-aromatics, na mixture of naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons which are adsorbed from a paraffinic solvent on anadsorbent du
33、ring percolation and then desorbed with an aromatic solvent such as toluene.DISCUSSIONThe naphthene-aromatics fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin
34、 specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so that a stated maxi
35、mumproportion of the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at
36、high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.open-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the voids betweenthe aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, remain relatively large.penetrat
37、ion, nthe consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the material under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essentially
38、one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a heavyapplication of bituminous material, followed by an application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and compacted. Multiplelayers containing still smaller coarse aggregate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materials w
39、hich gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtained asresidua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a centralbituminous mixing plant and spread and compact
40、ed at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient temperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, na mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually prepared ina conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above am
41、bient.D8 13a3polar-aromatics, na polar aromatic hydrocarbon fraction that is adsorbed on an adsorbing medium from a paraffinic solventduring percolation and then desorbed with a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as trichloroethylene.DISCUSSIONThe polar-aromatics fraction should be identified by t
42、he solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.prime coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminous material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, bond, andstabilize this existing surface and to promote adhesion between it and the construction course that follows.recl
43、aimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement or paving mixture removed from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture of reclaimed asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt cement,emulsified asphalt, cut-back asp
44、halt, recycling agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with or without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter orimprove the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled asphalt paving mixture.refined tar, ntar freed from water by e
45、vaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desired consistency;or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum with tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.rubble, nrough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken from larger masses either naturally or artificially, as
46、 by geologicalaction, in quarrying, or in stone cutting or blasting.saturates, na mixture of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons that on percolation in a paraffinic solvent are not adsorbed onthe adsorbing medium. Other compounds such as naphthenic and polar aromatics are adsorbed thus permitting
47、 the separationof the saturate fraction.DISCUSSIONThe saturates fraction should be identified by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.screen, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in which the apertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.screenings, na residual pro
48、duct resulting from the artificial crushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slag orhydraulic cement concrete, all of which passed the smallest screen used with the crushing operation and most of which passedthe 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.sieve, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in which
49、the apertures are square, for separating sizes of material.slurry seal, nan application of a fluid mixture of bituminous emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water to an existingpavement. Single or multiple applications may be used.soil aggregate, nnatural or prepared mixtures consisting predominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain a significantamount of minus 75-m (No. 200) silt-clay material.steel slag, nthe nonmetallic product consisting essentially of calcium silicates and
