1、Designation: D8 17D8 17aStandard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and generic definitions of terms specifically associated with road and pavingmaterials. These generic term
3、s and definitions are used within the standards developed by Committee D04 on Road and PavingMaterials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in TerminologyD8.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with inter
4、nationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2026/D
5、2026M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-Curing Type)D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)D4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four FractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycli
6、ng AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling Agents3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with a cementingmedium to form mortars or concrete, or alone as in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.us
7、ed as a construction material, meetingthe requirements of road and paving applications.DISCUSSIONExamples of aggregate include sand, gravel, shell, slag, and crushed stone. See coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for more information.air voids (Va), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggr
8、egate particles throughout a compacted asphalt mix, expressedas a percent of the total volume of the sample.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative chargeson the discontinuous phase.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-l
9、ike residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processing1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on
10、 Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2017May 1, 2017. Published March 2017May 2017. Originally approved in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 20162017 as D8 16b.17. DOI: 10.1520/D0008-17.10.1520/D0008-
11、17A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended onl
12、y to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versi
13、onof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1of distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for com
14、mercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONt
15、his term is often used in the Performance Graded Binder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt paveme
16、nt, na structure consisting of one or more prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supporting layersof unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or base materials.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is a
17、tleast 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by th
18、e solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in
19、 the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation re
20、siduum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In North America bitumen is calledasphalt.bituminous, adj
21、containing or treated with bitumen (also bituminized).DISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and fabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of
22、 water or of an aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of limecalcium and ofother bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.DISCUSSIONDep
23、ending on the way of cooling of the liquid slag, it can be distinguished between crystalline air-cooled blast furnace (ACBF) slag and glassygranulated blast furnace (GBF) slag.bulk density, nthe ratio of the mass of a material to the volume it occupies.DISCUSSIONAnother common phrase for this term i
24、s unit weight.D8 17a2bulk specific gravity, nthe ratio of the mass of a given volume of material, including the impermeable and permeable voids,to the mass of an equal volume of water at a specified temperature.DISCUSSIONThis term is also sometimes referred to as relative density.cationic emulsion,
25、na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive chargeson the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of the combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cementclinker, and partly vitrified slag and br
26、ick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious material produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) the portion of aggregate retainedon the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions
27、are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specification.Some
28、specifying agencies use alternative sieve sizes to define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and 38 in.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.cru
29、sher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stone crusher.cutback asphalt, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) asphalt binder which has been blended with petroleumhydrocarbon distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distillation and are often referred to as road oils. See Speci
30、fications D2026/D2026M, D2027/D2027M,and D2028/D2028M.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, are relatively
31、small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material for the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve or (2) the portion of aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be a
32、pplied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specifications.Some specifying agencies use
33、 alternative sieve sizes to define fine aggregate, such as the 2.36-mm (No. 8) and 9.50-mm (38-in.) sieve.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the surface,or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emulsions are usua
34、lly used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial means, orby nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that is precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or benz
35、ene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate choked in placewith an application of screenings or sand; water is applie
36、d to the choke material for water-bound macadam. Multiple layers mustbe used.D8 17a3maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes, depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements using appropriate hand or mechan
37、ical methods in placing andcompacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remaining after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder with selectedsolven
38、ts.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which theentire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or base course produced by mixing min
39、eral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous material used to tem
40、porarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or hay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve
41、 opening throughwhich the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so that a stated maximumproportion of the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve
42、 opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.penetration, nthe con
43、sistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the material under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coar
44、se aggregate, penetrated in place by a heavyapplication of bituminous material, followed by an application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and compacted. Multiplelayers containing still smaller coarse aggregate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materials which graduall
45、y liquefy when heated and which are obtained asresidua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a centralbituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted at the job
46、-site when the mixture is at or near ambient temperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, na mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually prepared ina conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above ambient.prime c
47、oat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminous material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, bond, andstabilize this existing surface and to promote adhesion between it and the construction course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement or paving mixture remo
48、ved from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture of reclaimed asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt cement,emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling
49、 agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with or without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter orimprove the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled asphalt paving mixture.refined tar, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desired consistency;or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum with tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.D8 17a4rubble, nrough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken from larger masses either na
