1、Designation: D8 18aD8 18bStandard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and generic definitions of terms specifically associated with road and pavingmaterials. These generic ter
3、ms and definitions are used within the standards developed by Committee D04 on Road and PavingMaterials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in TerminologyD8.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with inte
4、rnationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D242/D
5、242M Specification for Mineral Filler For Bituminous Paving MixturesD2026/D2026M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-Curing Type)D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)D3142/D3142M Test Method for Speci
6、fic Gravity, API Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer MethodD4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four FractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling AgentsD5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentag
7、e of Fractured Particles in Coarse AggregateD6995 Test Method for Determining Field VMA based on the Maximum Specific Gravity of the Mix (Gmm)3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material used as a construction material, meeting the requirements of road and paving applications.DISCUSSIONExamples of
8、aggregate include sand, gravel, shell, slag, and crushed stone. See coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for more information.airvoids (Pa), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphalt mix, expressedas a percent of the total volume of the sample.DI
9、SCUSSIONA variable previously used for this term was Va.anionic emulsified asphalt (anionic emulsion), na type of emulsified asphalt such that a particular emulsifying agent establishesa predominance of negative charges on the discontinuous phase.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
10、Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2018Aug. 15, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally approved in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D8 18.18a. DOI:10.1520/D0008-18A.10.1520/
11、D0008-18B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intend
12、ed only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current
13、 versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1API gravity, na function of specific gravity represented by the equation in Test Method D3142/D3142
14、M.DISCUSSIONA specific gravity scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) used to compare how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared towater.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation pro
15、cesses may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve a
16、ir oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance Graded Binder syste
17、m.asphalt cement, nSee asphalt.asphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or more prepared layers o
18、f asphalt mix atop one or more supporting layersof unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or base materials.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is atleast 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted in
19、the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngrave
20、l found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like resid
21、uum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical prop
22、erties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In North America bitumen is calledasphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also bituminized).DISCUS
23、SIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and fabrics, bituminous pavement.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium and other bases,that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace
24、.DISCUSSIOND8 18b2Depending on the way of cooling of the liquid slag, it can be distinguished between crystalline air-cooled blast furnace (ACBF) slag and glassygranulated blast furnace (GBF) slag.bond breaker, na material applied between two adjoining materials to prevent adhesion between them.bulk
25、 density, nthe ratio of the mass of a material to the volume it occupies.DISCUSSIONAnother common phrase for this term is unit weight.bulk specific gravity, nthe ratio of the mass of a given volume of material, including the impermeable and permeable voids,to the mass of an equal volume of water at
26、a specified temperature.DISCUSSIONThis term is also sometimes referred to as relative density.cationic emulsified asphalt (cationic emulsion), na type of emulsified asphalt such that a particular emulsifying agentestablishes a predominance of positive charges on the discontinuous phase.cleanability,
27、 nthe ability of a raised retroreflective marker to keep its optical surfaces clean under traffic and environmentalconditions.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of the combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cementclinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal
28、 tar, na dark brown to black cementitious material produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) the portion of aggregate retainedon the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alte
29、rnatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specification.Some specifyi
30、ng agencies use alternative sieve sizes to define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and 38 in.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.constant mass, nthe state of a specimen in which the difference in mass between two consecutive w
31、eighings taken at a specifiedtime interval and under specified testing conditions is considered to be negligible.DISCUSSIONIf the time interval and negligible difference in mass are not specified in a standard, a specimen can typically be assumed to be at constant mass whenthe difference in mass bet
32、ween two consecutive weighings taken 1 h apart is less than 0.1 % of the last weighing.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stone crusher.cutback asphalt, nasphalt binder which has been blended with hydr
33、ocarbon distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made and are often referred to as road oils. See Specifications D2026/D2026M, D2027/D2027M, and D2028/D2028M.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that is graded from the maximum size down to and including filler, with the objectiveof target
34、ing a lower void content in the compacted aggregate than in an open-graded aggregate.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material for the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.emulsified asphalt (bituminous emulsion), n(1) a suspension of minute globules of asphalt material in
35、 water or in an aqueoussolution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an aqueous solution in a liquid asphalt material.D8 18b3fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominately passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve or (2) the portion of aggregate passing the4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe def
36、initions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specificat
37、ions.Some specifying agencies use alternative sieve sizes to define fine aggregate, such as the 2.36-mm (No. 8) and 9.50-mm (38-in.) sieve.fog seal, na light application of asphalt material to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the surface, orboth.DISCUSSIONEmulsified asp
38、halts are typically used and are applied by a spraying technique.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial means, orby nature.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D5821 for more information.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fra
39、ction that is precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or benzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.lab mixed lab compacted (LMLC) asphalt mixture specimen, na specimen made with an asphalt mixture
40、 that is prepared inthe laboratory by weighing and blending each constituent, and then the blended mixture is compacted using a laboratorycompaction apparatus.DISCUSSIONLMLC specimens are typically produced during the asphalt mixture design phase. See also plant mixed laboratory compacted (PMLC) asp
41、halt mixtureand reheated plant mixed lab compacted (RPMLC) asphalt mixture.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate choked in placewith an application of screenings or sand; water is applied to the choke material for water-bound macadam.
42、Multiple layers mustbe used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes, depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing andcompacting the mix. These mix
43、es may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remaining after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder with selectedsolvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for,
44、or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which theentire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mineral filler, nfinely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, slag dust, hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash, loess, orother material
45、 predominantly passing the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONSee Specification D242/D242M for a description of suitable materials to be used as mineral filler.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or base course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, o
46、r tar at the job-site by means of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy soil may be used.D8 18b4mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous material used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebitum
47、inous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or hay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of the aggr
48、egate is permitted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so that a stated maximumproportion of the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.
49、normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).25 C (77 F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the material under specified conditions of loading, time, and temperature.penetration macadam
