1、Designation: D804 12Standard Terminology Relating toPine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Although the pine chemical industry has been a con-tinuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, thenature of t
3、he industry, its products, and its terminology havechanged. In particular, the original practice of recovering pinechemical through the processing of the exudate from pine treeshas been supplemented by their extraction by solvent productsof the wood pulping industry. For many years the industry wask
4、nown as the Naval Stores industry but that term has graduallybeen replaced by the more descriptive and meaningful term,Pine Chemicals Industry. Thus, this terminology contains someold terms now mostly of historic value, together with the termsof the modern pine chemical industry.22. Referenced Docum
5、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D6090 Test Method for Softening Point Resins (MettlerCup and Ball Method)E28 Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derivedfrom Naval Stores by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus3. Terminologyabietic acid, commercial grade, na product consistingchiefly of rosin acids in substantiall
6、y pure form, separatedeither from rosin or tall oil commercially for specificpurposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers are theprincipal components.colophony, na term denoting medium and high grades ofrosin.crude stripper oil, na by-product of the manufacture ofcitrus juice, composed largely
7、 of d-limonene and containingup to 1.5 % of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.)dipentene, nchemically defined as the optically inactiveform of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene.DISCUSSIONCommercial dipentenes contain substantial portions ofother monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxyge
8、nated, terpeneshaving closely related boiling ranges. They are generally obtained byfractional distillation from crude oils recovered in the several commer-cial methods of utilizing pine wood, also by isomerization during thechemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement underthe Nav
9、al Stores Act that the source, origin, or kind of dipentene beshown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined tradenames are sometimes used in selling this product. The four kinds ofcommercial dipentene are:chemically processed dipentene, nrecovered as a productor a by-product in connectio
10、n with the chemical treatmentand conversion of other terpenes.destructively distilled dipentene, nfrom the lighter por-tions of the oil recovered during the destructive distillationof pine wood.steam-distilled dipentene, nfractionated from the crudeoleoresinous extract during the processing of relat
11、ed steam-distilled wood naval stores.sulfate dipentene, nfrom the crude condensate of thevapors generated in the digestion of wood in the sulfatepaper pulp process.ester gum, na resin made from rosin and a polyhydricalcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.gloss oil, na solution of limed rosin
12、 or limed rosin acids ina volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings.d-limonene, na purified optically active terpene hydrocar-bon recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.DISCUSSIONIt is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomerin terpene resins.metallic resinates, nrosin in
13、 which part or all of the rosinacids have been chemically reacted with those metals thatgive soaps or salts which are water insoluble.DISCUSSIONLimed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates oflead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrialimportance.modified rosin, nrosin th
14、at has been treated with heat orcatalysts, or both with or without added chemical substances,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.34 on Pine Chemicals and Hydroc
15、arbon Resins.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approvedin 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D804 07. DOI: 10.1520/D0804-12.2Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry andUtilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 198
16、9.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
17、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosinacids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, orpolymerization, usually without substantial effect on thecarboxyl group.DISCUSSIONThe following are types of modified rosi
18、n:disproportionated (dehydrogenated) rosin, nrosin that has beensubjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to causesubstantial simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of therosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counter-parts.heat-treated rosin, nrosin in w
19、hich a reduction of acid number and apositive shift in optical rotation has been brought about by controlledheat treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.hydrogenated rosin, nrosin that has been treated with hydrogen underconditions that cause a partial or complete satur
20、ation of the resin acidspresent, best indicated by a drop in the refractive index. Commercialhydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated.polymerized rosin, nrosin that has been treated by chemicalor physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause theformation of dimers (and some trime
21、rs) to such an extent thatthe average molecular weight of such rosin will be measur-ably greater than that of the original rosin. Also known as“dimerized rosin.”monocyclic terpenes, na designation sometimes used in thetrade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic,bicyclic, and other relate
22、d terpene C10H16hydrocarbonsrecovered or removed in the fractionation of certain terpenesor other essential oils, or as a by-product in the chemicalconversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names.DISCUSSIONThe term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used instatistical reports of the U.S. Depart
23、ment of Agriculture, covers thistype of material.naval stores, nthe current name for chemically reactive oils,resins, tars, and pitches derived from the oleoresin containedin, exuded by, or extracted from wood chiefly of the pinespecies ( Genus Pinus).DISCUSSIONThe term naval stores was derived from
24、 the use of thesechemical products for the sealing of the hulls of naval vessels incolonial times. The term survived for many years and was also used todescribe the products obtained by upgrading oleoresin and crude talloil. The term Naval Stores is gradually being replaced by the term PineChemicals
25、.naval stores act, nthe U. S. Federal regulation (42 Stat1435.7 USC 9199 and 7CFR 160) establishing the qualitystandards fro naval stores products.DISCUSSIONIt was originally passed by Congress in 1923 andamended in 1951 to include tall oil rosin and sulfate turpentine.neutral content, nthe total am
26、ount of material contained inpine chemicals, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivativesthat do not contain any acidic functionality.DISCUSSIONNeutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and anycombined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, anhy-drides, or lactones.oil of (pi
27、ne) tar, ncertain heavier fractions of the volatile oilrecovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar.oil of turpentine, nthe pharmaceutical name for spirits ofturpentine that conforms to the requirements of the NationalFormulary.oleoresin, npine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of re
28、sinacids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is producedor exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree,and is present, together with oxidation products, in the deadwood of weathered limbs and stumps.pine needle oil, nan essential oil of typical fragranceobtained by steam disti
29、llation of the leaves (needles) ofcertain species of pine.DISCUSSIONSome imported oils derived from other conifers areclassified as pine needle oil.pinenes, nbicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal con-stituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two iso-meric forms, alpha-pinene and bet
30、a-pinene.pine oil, na colorless to amber colored volatile oil withcharacteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of iso-meric tertiary and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, withvariable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones,phenols, and phenolic ethers, the amount and character
31、 ofwhich depend on the source and method of manufacture.DISCUSSIONThe four commercial kinds of pine oil are:destructively distilled pine oil, nobtained from the lighter distillatefrom the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood.steam-distilled pine oil, nobtained from the crude oleores
32、inousextract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilledwood naval stores . sulfate pine oil, na high boiling fraction obtainedin the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.synthetic pine oil, nobtained by chemical hydration of pinenes toform monocyclic ter
33、pene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.pine tar, nA product of the destructive distillation of pinewood.pitchsee tall oil pitch.reclaimed, rosin, nrosin that has been recovered or re-claimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material,provided that the concentration of rosin acids is not belowth
34、at normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminatingcomponent from the waste material itself or from any articleused in the recovery process is not in sufficient quantity tocause the physical or chemical properties of the reclaimedproduct to differ materially from those of rosin.resinates, metalli
35、cSee metallic resinates.rosin, na specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreouswater-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal ofthe volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fattyacid components thereof or by the solvent extraction ofmacerated pine wood.DISCUSSIONIt cons
36、ists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers oftricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formulaC20H30O2, with small quantities of compounds saponifiable withboiling alcoholic potassium or sodium hydroxide, and some unsaponi-fiable matter. The three general classifications or kind
37、s of rosin incommerce are:gum rosin, nobtained from the oleoresin collected from living trees.tall oil rosin, nobtained by the fractional distillation of tall oil. Suchrosin shall have the characteristic form, appearance, and other physicaland chemical properties normal for other kinds of rosin.D804
38、 122wood rosin, nobtained from the oleoresin contained in dead woodsuch as stumps and knots.rosin acids or resin acids, nprincipally monocarboxylicacids with the empirical formula C19H20COOH.DISCUSSIONIt is generally considered that the term “resin acids” isapplicable to all substances having the sp
39、ecified molecular formulawhereas the term “rosin acids” is only used when referring to thosefound in rosins. They are classified into two groups: the abietic type andthe pimaric type. Both types and their derivatives are found in wood,gum, and tall oil rosins.rosin adducts, nthe addition product bet
40、ween rosin and ana, b unsaturated carboxylic acid such as fumaric acid,acrylic acid or maleic anhydride.rosin based resins, nresinous products derived from rosin orrosin adducts through chemical reaction with raw materialssuch as alcohols (especially polyhydric alcohols), formalde-hyde, a,b unsatura
41、ted carboxylic acids, phenols etc., orcombinations of these materials.DISCUSSIONRosin based resins are used extensively in printing inksand adhesives.rosin crystallization, nthe formation of rosin acid crystalswithin rosin.DISCUSSIONSolid rosin is a supercooled liquid and is normallytransparent. How
42、ever, when the rosin contains a preponderance of onespecies of resin acid, crystals of that resin acid can form within therosin giving it a hazy appearance. These crystals create handlingproblems as they cause the rosin to become less brittle and moredifficult to break up. Further, the rosin has to
43、be heated well above itssoftening point in order to melt the rosin acid crystals and make therosin homogeneous again. Non-crystallizing rosin also has far bettersolubility in many solvents and better compatibility with oils andwaxes. The crystallization of rosin can be prevented by changing therosin
44、 acid distribution within the rosin through heat treatment with orwithout a catalyst.rosin oil, nthe relatively viscous, oily portion of the con-densate obtained when rosin is subjected to dry destructivedistillation; also used to describe specially compounded oilshaving a rosin oil base.rosin spiri
45、ts, nthe relatively light, volatile portion of thecondensate obtained in the first stages when rosin is sub-jected to dry destructive distillation.rosin standards, nthe combinations of assembled coloredglasses having the colors designated as representative of theestablished U.S. grades used in class
46、ifying rosin.DISCUSSIONThe recognized official standards are those developedand issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or similar standardsmade of Lovibond glass, when certified by the same Governmentagency. The official grades established by or under authority of theFederal Naval Stores Act,
47、 for which standards are provided, are asfollows in order of increasing color XC, XB, XA, X, WW, WG, N, M, K,I, H, G, F, E, D, and FF (the latter grade is used only for wood rosin).Rosin darker in color than the standard for Grade D or FF is graded B.The designation Opaque with the grade letters OP
48、is used to describerosin that, because of a turbid, cloudy, or nontransparent condition dueto occluded moisture, excessive crystallization, or presence of foreignmatter other than dirt, cannot be accurately graded by comparison withany of the described rosin grade standards. The availability and use
49、 ofthese standards is decreasing and being replaced by the use of theGardner color scale.rosin type (sample), na sample of rosin, or a mold ofthermosetting plastic material, used as an unofficial standardin grading rosin.DISCUSSIONSuch sample shall be so selected, sized, and surface-finished that it will have the form of an approximate78-in. (22 mm)cube with at least two opposite faces having smooth parallel surfaces,and shall have a color when viewed through these faces which matcheswithin rather narrow tolerances th
