1、Designation: D86 16aD86 17Standard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels atAtmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers
3、the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batchdistillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates,automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see Note 1),
4、 aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, dieselfuels, biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2burner fuels.NOTE 1An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11 different laboratories submitting 15 da
5、ta sets and 15 different samples ofethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samplesare comparable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel b
6、lends). On this basis, it can beconcluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends withgreater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.21.2 The test method is designed for the analysi
7、s of distillate fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated instruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthese
8、s areprovided for information only.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handl
9、ing mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country ma
10、y be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior t
11、o use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers
12、 to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreement on this test method are to apply the most recent edition ofthe standards indicated below, unless otherwise specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules where earli
13、erversions of the method(s) identified may be required.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under t
14、he designation IP 123. It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016May 1, 2017. Published August 2016June 2017. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD86 16.D86 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D0086-16A.10.1520/D0086-17.2 Suppo
15、rting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
16、it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears
17、at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 ASTM Standards:3D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D4057 Practice f
18、or Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D519
19、0 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)4D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling o
20、f Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)D6300 Practice for Deter
21、mination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and LubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purportto Measure the Same Property of a MaterialE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Th
22、ermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated CylindersE1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:5IP 69 Determination of Vapour PressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum ProductsD
23、etermination of Distillation CharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis or cracking of a molecule
24、yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.3.1.2 decomposition point, nin distillation, the corrected temperature reading that coincides with the first indications ofthermal decomposition of the specimen.3.1.3 dry point, nin distillation, the corrected temperature
25、 reading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from thelowest point in the flask.3.1.4 dynamic holdup, nin D86 distillation, the amount of material present in the neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the flask,and in the condenser tube during the distillation.3.1.5 emergent stem effect,
26、nthe offset in temperature reading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a portion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is at a lower temperature than theimmersed portion, resu
27、lting in a shrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperature reading.3.1.6 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthe maximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during the test.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. Th
28、e term maximum temperature is a frequentlyused synonym.3.1.7 front end loss, nloss due to evaporation during transfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor loss duringthe distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask at the end of the distillation.3 For referencedASTM standards, vi
29、sit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.5 Availab
30、le from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.D86 1723.1.8 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), nblend of ethanol and hydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 % to 85 %by volume denatured fuel ethanol. D41753.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP),
31、nin D86 distillation, the corrected temperature reading at the instant the first drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.10 percent evaporated, nin distillation, the sum of the percent recovered and the percent loss.3.1.10.1 percent loss, n in distillation, one hundred m
32、inus the percent total recovery.3.1.10.2 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for barometric pressure.3.1.11 percent recovered, nin distillation, the volume of condensate collected relative to the sample charge.3.1.11.1 percent recovery, nin distillation, maximum percent recovered relative to the
33、 sample charge.3.1.11.2 corrected percent recovery, nin distillation, the percent recovery, adjusted for the corrected percent loss.3.1.11.3 percent total recovery, nin distillation, the combined percent recovery and percent residue.3.1.12 percent residue, nin distillation, the volume of residue rel
34、ative to the sample charge.3.1.13 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in temperature reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as described in 13.2.3.1.14 sample charge, nthe amount of sample used in a test.3.1.15 temperature lag, nthe offset between the temperature reading obtained by a tempe
35、rature sensing device and the truetemperature at that time.3.1.16 temperature measurement device, na thermometer, as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in 6.3.2.3.1.16.1 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtained by a temperature measuring device or system that is equal to
36、 thethermometer reading described in 3.1.16.3.3.1.16.2 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperature reading, as described in 3.1.16.1, corrected for barometric pressure.3.1.16.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), nthe temperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck of theflask b
37、elow the vapor tube, as determined by the prescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.16.4 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermometer reading, as described in 3.1.16.3, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expect
38、ed IBP or expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed in oneof four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser temperature, and other operational variables are defined by the group in whichthe sample falls.4.2 A 100 mL specimen of the sample is distilled under prescribed conditions for t
39、he group in which the sample falls. Thedistillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillation unit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed to provideapproximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Systematic observations of temperature readings and volumes of condensate arema
40、de, depending on the needs of the user of the data. The volume of the residue and the losses are also recorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vapor temperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and the dataare examined for conformance to procedural requirements, such
41、 as distillation rates. The test is repeated if any specified conditionhas not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evaporated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature, eitherin a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillation curve.5. Significance and Use5.1
42、 The basic test method of determining the boiling range of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distillation hasbeen in use as long as the petroleum industry has existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdiction of ASTMCommittee D02, dating from the time when it was st
43、ill referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test method has been in usefor such an extended period, a tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating end-use sensitivity on products andprocesses.5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an impor
44、tant effect on their safety and performance,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use.Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce
45、potentially explosive vapors.5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high boiling pointcomponents in th
46、ese and other fuels can significantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion deposits.D86 1735.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an important factor in the application of many solvents, particularly those usedin paints.5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petro
47、leum product specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory rules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are the distillation flask, the condenser and associated
48、cooling bath, a metalshield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heat source, the flask support, the temperature measuring device, and the receivingcylinder to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basic components descr
49、ibed in 6.1.1, automated units also are equipped with a system to measure andautomatically record the temperature and the associated recovered volume in the receiving cylinder.6.2 A detailed description of the apparatus is given in Annex A2.6.3 Temperature Measuring Device:6.3.1 Mercury-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filled with an inert gas, graduated on the stem and enamel backed. Theyshall conform to Specification E1 or IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products1996AppendixA, or both, for th
