1、Designation: D873 12 (Reapproved 2018) British Standard 4456Designation: 138/99Standard Test Method forOxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential ResidueMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D873; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department o
3、f Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers the determination of thetendency of aviation reciprocating, turbine, and jet engine fuelsto form gum and deposits under accelerated aging conditions.(WarningThis test method is not intended for determiningthe stability of fuel components, particularly th
4、ose with a highpercentage of low boiling unsaturated compounds, as thesemay cause explosive conditions within the apparatus.)NOTE 1For the measurement of the oxidation stability (inductionperiod) of motor gasoline, refer to Test Method D525.1.2 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the kilo pascal (kP
5、a);the accepted SI unit of temperature is C.1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken whe
6、n handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or co
7、untrymay be prohibited by law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regul
8、atory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Or
9、ganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-duction Period Method)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Pr
10、oductsD5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 The following definitions of terms are all expressed interms of milligrams per 100 mL of sample, after “X” hoursaging, “X” being th
11、e accelerated aging (oxidation) period at100C.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 insoluble gum, ndeposit adhering to the glasssample container after removal of the aged fuel, precipitate,and soluble gum.3.2.1.1 DiscussionInsoluble gum is obtained by measur-ing the increase in m
12、ass of the glass sample container.3.2.2 potential gum, nsum of the soluble and insolublegum.3.2.3 precipitate, nsediment and suspended material in theaged fuel, obtained by filtering the aged fuel and washingsfrom the glass sample container.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
13、ee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and acceptedby the Cooperating Societies in accordance with est
14、ablished procedures.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D873 12. DOI:10.1520/D0873-12R18.2Further information can be found in the June 1978, January 1979, and June1986 editions of the Institute of Petroleu
15、m Review.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue
17、d by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.4 soluble gum, ndeterioration products present at theend of a specific aging period. These deterioration productsexist in solution in the aged fuel and as the toluene-acetonesoluble portion of the deposit on the glass
18、 sample container.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe soluble gum is obtained as a non-volatile residue by evaporating the aged fuel and the toluene-acetone washings from the glass sample container.3.2.5 total potential residue, nsum of the potential gumand the precipitate.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fuel is
19、 oxidized under prescribed conditions in apressure vessel filled with oxygen. The amounts of solublegum, insoluble gum, and precipitate formed are weighed.(WarningIn addition to other precautions, to provide pro-tection against the possibility of explosive rupture of thepressure vessel, the pressure
20、 vessel should be operated behindan appropriate safety shield.)5. Significance and Use5.1 The results (of these tests) can be used to indicatestorage stability of these fuels. The tendency of fuels to formgum and deposits in these tests has not been correlated withfield performance (and can vary mar
21、kedly) with the formationof gum and deposits under different storage conditions.6. Apparatus6.1 Oxidation Pressure Vessel, Burst Disc Assembly, GlassSample Container and Cover, Accessories and Pressure Gage,as described in the Annex to Test Method D525.(WarningProvision shall be made to safely vent
22、any expelled gases orflames away from the operator, other personnel, or flammablematerials as a safety precaution if the burst-disc ruptures.)NOTE 2Pressure vessels conforming to Test Method D52580 are alsosuitable, but the specified burst-disc shall be attached. The burst discassembly shall be mech
23、anically designed to ensure that it cannot beincorrectly fitted.6.2 Thermometer, having a range as shown below andconforming to the requirements as prescribed in SpecificationE1, or specifications for IP thermometers:Thermometer Range Thermometer NumberASTM IP95 C to 103 C 22C 24CNOTE 3Other tempera
24、ture sensing devices that cover the temperaturerange of interest, such as thermocouples or platinum resistancethermometers, that can provide equivalent or better accuracy andprecision, may be used in place of the thermometers specified in 6.2.6.3 Drying Oven, air oven maintained at 100 C to 150 C.6.
25、4 Forceps, corrosion-resistant, steel.6.5 Filtering Crucible, sintered-glass, fine porosity.6.6 Oxidation Bath, as described in the Annex to TestMethod D525. The liquid shall be water or a mixture ofethylene glycol and water, as required. The temperature can becontrolled thermostatically at 100 C 6
26、0.2 C, or by main-taining it at its boiling point, which must be between 99.5 C to100.5 C. If a liquid medium other than water is used, anappropriate mechanical stirrer/mixer shall be used to maintainuniformity of the liquid bath at 100 C 6 0.2 C. A nonself-resettable device shall be fitted on all n
27、ew baths to ensurethat the heater is switched off if the liquid bath falls below asafe level. Users of older baths without this device are stronglyurged to have the equipment retrofitted to ensure safe opera-tion.NOTE 4Electric heating blocks are known to be used. These blockscan have heating capaci
28、ties, heating rates, and heat transfer characteristicsthat differ from those of a liquid bath. An electric heating block may beused in place of the liquid bath as long as the sample heating rate andsample temperature are demonstrated to be equivalent to that of the liquidbath.6.7 Cooling VesselA des
29、iccator or other type of tightlycovered vessel for cooling the beakers before weighing. Theuse of a drying agent is not recommended.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Gum SolventA mixture of equal volumes of tolueneand acetone.7.2 Oxygen, commercially available extra dry oxygen of notless than 99.6 % puri
30、ty.8. Sampling8.1 Sample in accordance with the procedure for oxidationstability, as described in Practice D4057.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Thoroughly clean a glass sample container to removetraces of any adhering material. Immerse the container and itscover in a mildly alkaline or neutral pH la
31、boratory detergentcleaning solution. The type of detergent and conditions for itsuse need to be established in each laboratory. The criterion forsatisfactory cleaning shall be a matching of the quality of thatobtained with chromic acid cleaning solutions (or some otherequivalently strong oxidizing n
32、on-chromium containing acidcleaning solutions) on used sample containers and covers(fresh chromic acid, 6 h soaking period, rinsing with distilledwater and drying). For this comparison, visual appearance andmass loss on heating the glassware under test conditions maybe used. Detergent cleaning avoid
33、s the potential hazards andinconveniences related to the handling of highly corrosive andstrongly oxidizing acid solutions; this procedure remains thereference cleaning practice and, as such, may function as analternate to the preferred procedure, cleaning with detergentsolutions. Remove from the cl
34、eaning solution by means ofcorrosion-resistant steel forceps and handle only with forcepsthereafter. Wash thoroughly first with tap water and then withdeionized or distilled water, and dry in an oven at 100 C to150 C for 1 h. Cool the sample containers and covers for atleast 2 h in the cooling vesse
35、l in the vicinity of the balance.Weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg, and record mass.9.1.1 Experience indicates that the amount of insoluble gumis negligible in aviation reciprocating engine fuels. Therefore,the glass sample container need not be weighed when testingsuch fuels unless visible evidence of in
36、soluble matter remainsin the container after treatment with gum solvent. In suchcases, the test must be repeated and the mass of the containerrecorded.D873 12 (2018)29.2 Drain any fuel from the pressure vessel and wipe theinside of the pressure vessel and pressure vessel closure, firstwith a clean c
37、loth moistened with gum solvent and then with aclean, dry cloth. Remove the filler rod from the stem, andcarefully clean any gum or fuel from the stem, rod, and needlevalve with gum solvent. The pressure vessel, the valve, and allconnecting lines shall be thoroughly dry before each test isstarted. (
38、WarningVolatile peroxides, which may haveformed during a previous test, may accumulate in theequipment, producing a potentially explosive environment.Special care in cleaning after each test is needed to ensure thatthe filler rod, stem, and needle valve are free of theseperoxides.)9.3 If a thermosta
39、tically controlled constant temperatureoxidation bath is used, adjust the temperature to 100 C 60.1 C and maintain it within this temperature range for theduration of the test.9.4 If a boiling water oxidation bath is used, adjust thetemperature within the range from 99.5 C to 100.5 C by theaddition
40、of water or a higher boiling liquid such as ethyleneglycol. Factors are given in Table 1 to adjust the “X” hour agingtime if the bath temperature at the start of the test deviates from100 C.10. Procedure10.1 Bring the pressure vessel and the fuel to be tested to atemperature from 15 C to 25 C. Place
41、 the weighed glasssample container in the pressure vessel and add 100 mL 61 mL of test specimen. Alternatively, transfer 100 mL 6 1mLof sample into the weighed glass sample container first, beforeplacing the glass sample container into the pressure vessel.Cover the same container, close the pressure
42、 vessel, and usinga quick release coupling, introduce oxygen until a pressurefrom 690 kPa to 705 kPa is attained. Allow the gas in thepressure vessel to escape slowly through the needle valve at arate not to exceed 345 kPa min. Repeat the charging andexhausting of the oxygen once more in order to fl
43、ush out the airoriginally present. Introduce oxygen again until a pressure offrom 690 kPa to 705 kPa is attained and observe for leaks,ignoring an initial rapid drop in pressure (generally not over40 kPa), which can be observed because of the solution ofoxygen in the sample. Assume the absence of le
44、aks, andproceed with the test if the rate of pressure drop does notexceed 15 kPa in 10 min.10.2 Place the charged pressure vessel in one of the de-scribed oxidation baths, being careful to avoid shaking, andrecord the time of immersion as the starting time. Leave thepressure vessel in the oxidation
45、bath for the specified “X” houraging time. If the temperature at the start of a test varies from100C, adjust the “X” hour aging time by the correction factorsgiven in Table 1.10.3 At the completion of the period of oxidation, removethe pressure vessel from the bath. To minimize further oxida-tion of
46、 the test specimen and to provide for safe venting of thepressure vessel, cool the pressure vessel to approximately roomtemperature within 30 min after removal from the bath, usingwater 35 C. Release the pressure slowly through the needlevalve at a rate not to exceed 345 kPa min. Take the pressureve
47、ssel apart, and remove the sample container.10.4 Transfer the oxidized fuel from the glass samplecontainer to a graduated flask, such as a graduated, stopperedcylinder, that will allow mixing of approximately 120 mL, if novisible precipitate is observed or if the amount is not specifi-cally required
48、 by specifications. Wash the interior of the glasssample container twice with 10 mL portions of gum solvent toremove any gum. Mix the oxidized fuel and rinses thoroughly,and preserve the mixture for the determination of soluble gum.Proceed with the test as specified in 10.6. If a precipitate isobser
49、ved, and if the amount is required by specifications,determine the initial mass of the filtering crucible (see 6.5) thatis to be used and filter the oxidized fuel through the crucibleand save the filtrate. A vacuum filtration set-up has been foundsuitable to use, although precautions should be taken to avoidthe potential of static discharges, such as described in TestMethod D5452. Wash the interior of the glass container twicewith 10 mL portions of gum solvent to remove any gum orprecipitate. Filter the washings through the crucible,
