1、Designation: D88 07 (Reapproved 2013) American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No: T72Method 304Federal TestMethod Standard No. 791bReplaces Method 4285 of Federal TestMethod Standard No. 141AStandard Test Method forSaybolt Viscosity1This standard is issued under
2、 the fixed designation D88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the l
3、ast revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures fordetermining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscositiesof petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21and 99C
4、(70 and 210F). A special procedure for waxyproducts is indicated.NOTE 1Test Methods D445 and D2170 are preferred for the deter-mination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and lesstime, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be con-verted to Saybolt viscosities by u
5、se of the tables in Practice D2161.Itisrecommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic ratherthan Saybolt viscosities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to add
6、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Meth
7、ods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specificationsfor Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD244 Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified AsphaltsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscos
8、ity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol ViscosityD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts(Bitumens)D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum a
9、ndPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE102 Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of BituminousMaterials at High Temperatures3.
10、 Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Furolan acronym of “Fuel and road oils.”3.1.2 Saybolt Furol viscositythe corrected efflux time inseconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated Furolorifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value isreported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated SFS
11、, at aspecified temperature.3.1.3 Saybolt Universal viscositythe corrected efflux timein seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibratedUniversal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosityvalue is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviatedSUS, at a specified temperature.4. Sum
12、mary of Test Method4.1 The efflux time in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowingthrough a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefullycontrolled conditions. This time is corrected by an orificefactor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at thattemperature.1This test method is under the jurisd
13、iction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.05 onSolvent-Bearing Bituminous Compounds for Roofing and Waterproofing.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1921. In 1923, combined with former Met
14、hods D47. Last previousedition approved in 2007 as D88 07. DOI: 10.1520/D0088-07R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
15、age onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certainpetroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformityof shipments and source
16、s of supply.5.2 See Guide D117 for applicability to mineral oils used aselectrical insulating oils.5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenththe Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended forcharacterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils andother residual materials hav
17、ing Saybolt Universal viscositiesgreater than 1000 s.5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bitumi-nous materials at higher temperatures is covered by TestMethod E102.6. Apparatus6.1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath, as shown in Fig. 1 anddescribed in Annex A1.6.2 Withdrawal Tube, as shown i
18、n Fig. 2.6.3 Thermometer Support, as shown in Fig. 3.6.4 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers , as listed in Table 1, forreading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shallconform to the requirements listed in Specification E1 for thatASTM Thermometer Number.6.5 Bath ThermometersSaybolt Viscosit
19、y thermometers,or any other temperature-indicating means of equivalent accu-racy.6.6 Filter Funnel, as shown in Fig. 4, equipped withinterchangeable 150-m (No. 100) and 75-m (No. 200)wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of SpecificationE11 with respect to the wire cloth.6.7 Receiving Flask, a
20、s shown in Fig. 5.6.8 Timer, graduated in tenths of a second, and accurate towithin 0.1 % when tested over a 60-min interval. Electrictimers are acceptable if operated on a controlled frequencycircuit.7. Sampling7.1 Sample the material in accordance with Practices D140,D4057,orD4177, as appropriate.
21、NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 1 Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol OrificeD88 07 (2013)28. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distil-lates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desiredaccuracy. Liquids with efflux
22、times greater than 1000 s are notconveniently tested with this orifice.8.2 Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials withefflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy. Seealso 5.3.8.3 Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriatesolvent of low toxicity; then remove all so
23、lvent from theviscometer and its gallery. Clean the receiving flask in the samemanner.NOTE 2The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer shouldnever be used for cleaning; its use might damage the overflow rim andwalls of the viscometer.8.4 Set up the viscometer and bath in an area where theywil
24、l not be exposed to drafts or rapid changes in airtemperature, and dust or vapors that might contaminate asample.8.5 Place the receiving flask (Fig. 5) beneath the viscometerso that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm(4 to 5 in.) below the bottom of the viscometer tube, and so tha
25、tthe stream of oil will just strike the neck of the flask.8.6 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm (14 in.) above the overflowrim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath mediumselected from Table 2.8.7 Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for thebath so that the temperature of a test sample in
26、 the viscometerwill not vary more than 60.03C (60.05F) after reaching theselected test temperature.8.8 Do not make viscosity measurements at temperaturesbelow the dew point of the rooms atmosphere.8.9 For calibration and referee tests, keep the room tem-perature between 20 and 30C (68 and 86F), and
27、record theactual temperature. However room temperatures up to 38C(100F) will not introduce errors in excess of 1 %.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 2 Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt ViscometerNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 3 Thermometer SupportTABLE 1
28、 ASTM Saybolt Viscosity ThermometersStandard TestTemperatureC (F)ASTMThermometerNo.ThermometerRange C (F) Subdivisions, C (F)21.1 (70) 17C (17F) 19 to 27(66to80)0.1 (0.2)25.0 (77) 17C (17F) 19 to 27(66to80)0.1 (0.2)37.8 (100) 18C (18F) 34 to 42(94 to 108)0.1 (0.2)50.0 (122) 19C (19F) 49 to 57(120 to
29、 134)0.1 (0.2)54.4 (130) 19C (19F) 49 to 57(120 to 134)0.1 (0.2)60.0 (140) 20C (20F) 57 to 65(134 to 148)0.1 (0.2)82.2 (180) 21C (21F) 79 to 87(174 to 188)0.1 (0.2)98.9 (210) 22C (22F) 95 to 103(204 to 218)0.1 (0.2)D88 07 (2013)39. Calibration and Standardization9.1 Calibrate the Saybolt Universal v
30、iscometer at periodicintervals by measuring the efflux time at 37.8C (100F) of anappropriate viscosity oil standard, following the proceduregiven in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standardsavailable.9.2 The efflux time of the viscosity oil standard shall equalthe certified Saybolt viscos
31、ity value. If the efflux time differsfrom the certified value by more than 0.2 %, calculate acorrection factor, F, for the viscometer as follows:F 5 V/t (1)where:V = certified Saybolt viscosity of the standard, andt = measured efflux time at 37.8C (100F), s.NOTE 3If the calibration is based on a vis
32、cosity oil standard having anefflux time between 200 and 600 s, the correction factor applies to allviscosity levels at all temperatures.9.3 Calibrate the Saybolt Furol viscometer at 50.0C(122F) in the same manner as above, using a viscosity oilstandard having a minimum efflux time of 90 s.9.4 Visco
33、meters or orifices requiring corrections greaterthan 1.0 % shall not be used in referee testing.10. Procedure10.1 Establish and control the bath temperature at theselected test temperature.10.1.1 Standard test temperatures for measuring SayboltUniversal viscosities are 21.1, 37.8, 54.4, and 98.9C (7
34、0, 100,130, and 210F).10.1.2 Standard test temperatures for measuring SayboltFurol viscosities are 25.0, 37.8, 50.0, and 98.9C (77, 100, 122,and 210F).NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).FIG. 4 Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt ViscometerD88 07 (2013)410.1.3 Other standard test tempera
35、tures in use include 60.0and 82.2C (140 and 180F).10.2 Insert a cork stopper, having a cord attached for itseasy removal, into the air chamber at the bottom of theviscometer. The cork shall fit tightly enough to prevent theescape of air, as evidenced by the absence of oil on the corkwhen it is withd
36、rawn later as described.10.3 If the selected test temperature is above roomtemperature, the test may be expedited by preheating thesample in its original container to not more than 1.7C (3.0F)above the test temperature. Never preheat any sample to within28C (50F) of its flash point (see Test Methods
37、 D93), becausevolatility losses might alter its composition.10.4 Stir the sample well; then strain it through the 150-m(No. 100) wire cloth in the filter funnel directly into theviscometer until the level is above the overflow rim.10.5 The viscosities of steam-refined cylinder oils, blacklubricating
38、 oils, residual fuel oils, and similar waxy productscan be affected by their thermal histories. Use the followingpreheating procedure with such products to obtain uniformresults at temperatures below 93C (200F):10.5.1 Heat the sample in its original container to about50C (122F), with stirring and sh
39、aking to dissolve and blendwaxy materials. Probe the bottom of the container with astirring rod to be certain that all waxy materials are in solution,and mix well.10.5.2 Pour about 100 mL into a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask.Stopper loosely with a cork or rubber stopper.10.5.3 Immerse the flask in a bath
40、of boiling water for 30min.10.5.4 Mix well, remove the sample from the boiling waterbath, wipe the outside of the flask dry, and strain the samplethrough the 75-m (No. 200) wire cloth in the filter funneldirectly into the viscometer until the level is above theoverflow rim.10.6 Stir the sample in th
41、e viscometer with the appropriateviscosity thermometer equipped with the thermometer support(Fig. 3). Use a circular motion at 30 to 50 rpm in a horizontalplane. When the sample temperature remains constant within0.03C (0.05F) of the test temperature during 1 min ofcontinuous stirring, remove the th
42、ermometer.NOTE 4Never attempt to adjust the temperature by immersing hot orcold bodies in the sample. Such thermal treatment might affect the sampleand the precision of the test.10.7 Immediately place the tip of the withdrawal tube (Fig.2) in the gallery at one point, and apply suction to remove oil
43、until its level in the gallery is below the overflow rim. Do nottouch the overflow rim with the withdrawal tube; the effectiveliquid head of the sample would be reduced.10.8 Check to be sure that the receiving flask is in properposition; then snap the cork from the viscometer using theattached cord,
44、 and start the timer at the same instant.10.9 Stop the timer the instant the bottom of the oilmeniscus reaches the graduation mark on the receiving flask.Record the efflux time in seconds to the nearest 0.1 s.11. Calculation and Report11.1 Multiply the efflux time by the correction factor for thevis
45、cometer determined in 9.2.11.2 Report the corrected efflux time as the Saybolt Univer-sal or Saybolt Furol viscosity of the oil at the temperature atwhich the test was made.11.2.1 Report values below 200 SUS or SFS to the nearest0.1 s. Report values of 200 s or higher to the nearest wholesecond.12.
46、Precision and Bias12.1 Results should not differ from the mean by more thanthe following (see Note 5):12.1.1 Repeatability (one operator and apparatus)1 %.12.1.2 Reproducibility (different operators and apparatus)2%.NOTE 5For petroleum products, the precision and bias is based ondata from Test Metho
47、d E102. For emulsion, use precision and biasstatement in Test Method D244, Section 38.13. Keywords13.1 bituminous materials; kinematic; saybolt; viscosityNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 5 Receiving FlaskD88 07 (2013)5ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. SAYBOLT VISCOMETER AND ACCESSORIESA1
48、.1 ViscometerThe viscometer, illustrated in Fig. 1,shall be constructed entirely of corrosion-resistant metal,conforming to dimensional requirements shown in Fig. 1. Theorifice tip, Universal or Furol, may be constructed as areplaceable unit in the viscometer. Provide a nut at the lowerend of the vi
49、scometer for fastening it in the bath. Mountvertically in the bath and test the alignment with a spirit levelon the plane of the gallery rim. Provide a cork or other suitablemeans to prevent the flow of sample until the start of the test;a small chain or cord may be attached to the cork to facilitaterapid removal.A1.2 BathThe bath serves both as a support to hold theviscometer in a vertical position as well as the container for thebath medium. Equip the bath with effective insulation and withan efficient stirring dev
