1、Designation: D 880 92 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forImpact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers two procedures for conductingimpact tests on loaded containers or shipping units (palletloa
3、ds), as follows:1.1.1 Procedure A, to test the ability of a container orshipping unit to withstand impacts, and1.1.2 Procedure B, to test the ability of a container orshipping unit or interior packing, or both, to provide protectionto the contents, when subjected to impacts.1.2 Either of these two p
4、rocedures may be used to evaluatedifferent designs of containers of the same size and carrying thesame load. These procedures are suitable for testing varioustypes of containers such as boxes, crates, barrels, drums, kegs,bags, sacks, or pails made of various materials or combinationsof materials an
5、d for shipping units such as pallet loads orpalletized units.1.3 The procedures described in this test method are par-ticularly suitable for testing large or heavily loaded containers.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathema
6、ticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
7、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Note 1 and Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horiz
8、ontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizon-tal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Spe
9、cified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 2244 Horizontal Impact Test (Horizontal or InclinePlane Test: Pendulum Test)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms applicable to thistest method see Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Sp
10、ecific to This Standard:3.2.1 hazard removable solid object of any size or shapeplaced on an impact surface (backstop) so as to contact a testspecimen at any desired location during the impact of thespecimen into the impact surface (backstop).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An apparatus having a guided
11、 carriage capable ofholding a test container or shipping unit impacts into a rigidimpact surface (backstop) with or without hazards at a prede-termined impact velocity. When testing the ability of a con-tainer or shipping unit to withstand impact (Procedure A)multiple tests with the same impact velo
12、city or increasingimpact velocities may be conducted until failure occurs. Whentesting the ability of the container, shipping unit, or interiorpacking, or combination thereof, to provide protection to thecontents (Procedure B), a predetermined number of impacts, atpredetermined velocities, are appli
13、ed and the container(s) andcontents are then inspected.5. Significance and Use5.1 The impact test has been found useful in laboratorysimulation of impacts such as those encountered in manual andmechanical handling and transportation. The impact test simu-lates some types of shocks that could occur i
14、n the handling ofpackages or shipping units and helps evaluate the ability of thepackage to protect the contents against these shocks. The test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical TestMethods
15、.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 880 92 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
16、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
17、A 19428-2959, United States.may also permit observation of progressive failure of a packageand damage to the contents.5.2 The test results within a given laboratory using this testmethod may be useful for evaluating and comparing packages.However, because of the variability of test machines that hav
18、ebeen used in the past, especially the impact surface (backstop),it has been found that interlaboratory correlation of test resultshas been poor.5.3 These procedures are not intended to simulate rail carcoupling environment. Refer to Test Method D 4003 and TestMethods D 5277.5.4 This test method ful
19、fills the requirement of ISO 2244.NOTE 1ISO 2244 may not meet the requirements for this test method.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Machine:6.1.1 The test machine shall consist of a guided test carriagewith a flat test specimen mounting surface and an impactsurface (backstop) with the plane of the face perp
20、endicularwithin 630 min (12 ) to the direction of movement of thecarriage at impact.6.1.2 There shall be an impact surface (backstop) that isintegral with a solid mass at least 50 times the maximum massof the test specimen. The impact surface firmly attached to themass, shall be a steel plate not le
21、ss than12 in. (13 mm) thick.The impact surface (backstop) must have dimensions greaterthan those of the impacting surface of the test specimen topermit full contact with the shipping container.NOTE 2The purpose of the apparatus is to provide an impact surface(backstop) and mass that will improve int
22、erlaboratory correlation of testresults and the accuracy of tests between laboratories. The test can beconducted on apparatus that does not meet the requirements of 6.1.2,provided it is clearly stated in 14.1.1.6.1.3 The test machine shall provide some means of movingthe test carriage to obtain the
23、desired impact velocity. This maybe the result of mechanical or pneumatic means, gravitythrough the use of a 10 (nominal) incline, or a pendulumdevice.NOTE 3Depending upon the configuration of the test machine theremay be other forces acting before, during, or after the impact that mayaffect the tes
24、t results.6.1.4 The test machine should preferably have a means ofpreventing multiple impacts.6.1.5 The test carriage shall provide surface friction suchthat the test specimen does not move during the period fromrest to impact, but will move freely upon impact.6.1.6 The impact surface (backstop) may
25、, if desired, beequipped with hazards that can be so placed as to contact thecontainer at the time of impact at any desired position betweentop and bottom edges of the container. The dimensions,material, and location of the interposed hazard should becarefully specified.6.2 Instrumentation:6.2.1 Ins
26、trumentation that may be an optical or mechanicaltiming device is required to measure the carriage impactvelocity to an accuracy of 62 % of the actual value. Whentesting is within a laboratory and for comparative purposesonly, instrumentation is optional.7. Safety Precautions7.1 The procedures given
27、 in this test method may producesevere mechanical responses in the test specimen. Therefore,operating personnel must remain alert to potential hazards andtake necessary precautions for their safety. The test area shouldbe cleared prior to each test. Stop the test immediately if adangerous condition
28、should develop. The testing of hazardousmaterials or products may require special precautions that mustbe observed. Safety equipment may be required and its usemust be understood before starting the test.8. Sampling8.1 The number of test specimens depends on the desireddegree of precision and the av
29、ailability of specimens. PracticeE 122 provides guidance on the choice of sample size. It isrecommended that at least three representative test specimensbe used.9. Test Specimens9.1 When the specimen is being tested by Procedure A todetermine the ability of the container or shipping unit towithstand
30、 impact stresses, either the actual contents or adummy load simulating such contents can be used. When thespecimen is being tested by Procedure B to determine theability of the container or shipping unit or interior packing, orboth, to provide protection to the contents, actual contents shallbe used
31、. For both procedures closing, strapping, or sealingshould be the same as will be used in actual shipment.NOTE 4Certain contents or ingredients of the objects under test maybe replaced by inert materials of approximately the same weight andcharacteristics.9.2 Identification of MembersSee Annex A1.10
32、. Calibration10.1 Calibrate the impact carriage so that the desired impactvelocity (65 %) may be achieved.10.2 Make the calibration using the carriage with a loadsimulating actual contents equivalent to the package/productsweight. Measure the velocity of the carriage just before impact.11. Condition
33、ing11.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioningbe selected from those shown in Practice D 4332. Unlessotherwise specified, precondition and condition fiberboard andother paperboard containers in accordance with the standardatmosphere specified in Practice D 4332.12. Procedure12.1 Procedu
34、re A:12.1.1 Testing of the Ability of a Container to WithstandImpactsPlace the container or shipping unit to be tested onthe carriage with the face or edge that is to receive the impactlocated projecting 2 in. (51 mm) beyond the impacting end ofthe carriage.12.1.2 If it is desired to concentrate the
35、 impact at anyparticular position on the test specimen, attach an optionalhazard to the impact surface (backstop) in the desired positionD 880 92 (2008)2before the test. The hazard should be strong enough towithstand the impact of the carriage if it should strike it.12.1.3 Position the carriage so t
36、hat the predetermined im-pact velocity will be obtained and release. Measure the impactvelocity of each test to ensure it is representative of the desiredimpact velocity. The cycle of impacts continues by eitherrepeating the original impact velocity or increasing the impactvelocity for each cycle of
37、 impacts.12.1.4 The sequence in which the faces and edges aresubjected to impacts may be at the option of the operator andwill depend on the objective of the tests. Continue the test untilfailure of the container or shipping unit occurs. Depending onthe purpose of the test, failure is when some pred
38、eterminedtype of damage has occurred, that is, exposure or spillage ofcontents, or both.12.2 Procedure B:12.2.1 Testing of the Ability of a Container, Shipping Unit,or Interior Packing, or combination thereof, to Provide Pro-tection to the ContentsConduct this test in accordance with12.1 until a pre
39、determined number of impacts at specificimpact velocities have been applied. Open the container orshipping unit to inspect the contents unless previous evidenceof failure is apparent.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Reference to this test method, noting any deviationsfrom the p
40、rocedure,13.1.2 A description of the test specimen in sufficient detailfor proper identification,13.1.3 Description of the contents,13.1.4 Identification of the purpose of the test,13.1.5 Identification of apparatus, including angle of inclineif appropriate. Instrumentation used, including date of l
41、astinstrument calibration. Details of any modifications to eitherapparatus or instrumentation, if known, shall be included,13.1.6 Method of conditioning,13.1.7 Description of the test sequence, the impact velocityof each test, orientation of specimens on the carriage, and theuse of any optional haza
42、rds, including the dimensions, mate-rial, and location carefully specified, and13.1.8 Detailed record of damage to the test specimen orcontents, together with any other observation that may assist incorrectly interpreting the results or aid in improving the designof the test specimen or the method o
43、f packing, blocking, orcushioning.14. Precision and Bias414.1 Precision:14.1.1 This test method is usually conducted to determine ifa container or shipping system completes the prescribed testwithout specified damage. With this situation, no statement canbe made about the precision because the resul
44、ts merely statewhether there is conformance to the criteria for success.14.1.2 When the test is conducted to determine the inputstress required to cause a specified type of damage, theprecision depends largely upon the item being tested. Theequipment, instrumentation, fixturing, methodology, and per
45、-sonnel also play important roles in precision. A research reportindicates that there can be considerable variability betweenreplicate tests for vertical impacts; it is believed that similarconclusions are true for horizontal impacts.14.2 BiasThis test method has no bias because the resultsare defin
46、ed only in terms of this test method.15. Keywords15.1 impact test; incline; packages; pendulumANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. IDENTIFICATION OF MEMBERSA1.1 Rectangular ContainersThe procedure for identifi-cation of the members (faces, edges, and corners) of rectangu-lar containers shall be as follow
47、s (see Fig. A1.1).A1.1.1 Facing one end of the box with the manufacturersjoint where applicable, on the observers right, designate thetop of the box as “1,” the right side as “2,” the bottom as “3,”the left side as “4,” the near end as “5,” and the far end as “6.”A1.1.2 Identify the edges by the num
48、bers of the two facesthat form the edge: for example, 1-2 identifies the edge formedby the top and the right side, and 2-5 the edge formed by theright side and near end. (The 2-5 edge is the edge having a4Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D10-1004.FIG. A1.1 Members of
49、Rectangular ContainersD 880 92 (2008)3vertical manufacturers joint, and the 2-3 edge is the edgehaving a horizontal manufacturers joint in fiberboard contain-ers.)A1.1.3 Identify the corners by the numbers of the threefaces that meet to form that corner: for example, 1-2-6identifies the corner where the top, the right side, and the farend meet.A1.2 Cylindrical ContainersThe procedure for identifi-cation of the members (top, bottom, sidewall, and chimes) ofcylindrical containers shall be as follows (see Fig. A1.2).A1.2.1 The ends of two perpendicular diameters
