1、Designation: D880 92 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forImpact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers two procedures for conductingimpact tests on loaded containers or shipping units (palletloads)
3、, as follows:1.1.1 Procedure A, to test the ability of a container orshipping unit to withstand impacts, and1.1.2 Procedure B, to test the ability of a container orshipping unit or interior packing, or both, to provide protectionto the contents, when subjected to impacts.1.2 Either of these two proc
4、edures may be used to evaluatedifferent designs of containers of the same size and carrying thesame load. These procedures are suitable for testing varioustypes of containers such as boxes, crates, barrels, drums, kegs,bags, sacks, or pails made of various materials or combinationsof materials and f
5、or shipping units such as pallet loads orpalletized units.1.3 The procedures described in this test method are par-ticularly suitable for testing large or heavily loaded containers.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematic
6、alconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
7、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Note 1 and Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal
8、 ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed HorizontalImpacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Pre
9、cision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 2244 Horizontal Impact Test (Horizontal or InclinePlane Test: Pendulum Test)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms applicable to thistest method see Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to T
10、his Standard:3.2.1 hazardremovable solid object of any size or shapeplaced on an impact surface (backstop) so as to contact a testspecimen at any desired location during the impact of thespecimen into the impact surface (backstop).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An apparatus having a guided carriage ca
11、pable ofholding a test container or shipping unit impacts into a rigidimpact surface (backstop) with or without hazards at a prede-termined impact velocity. When testing the ability of a con-tainer or shipping unit to withstand impact (Procedure A)multiple tests with the same impact velocity or incr
12、easingimpact velocities may be conducted until failure occurs. Whentesting the ability of the container, shipping unit, or interiorpacking, or combination thereof, to provide protection to thecontents (Procedure B), a predetermined number of impacts, atpredetermined velocities, are applied and the c
13、ontainer(s) andcontents are then inspected.5. Significance and Use5.1 The impact test has been found useful in laboratorysimulation of impacts such as those encountered in manual and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subc
14、ommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D880 92 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D0880-92R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
15、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York
16、, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1mechanical handling and transportation. The impact test simu-lates some types of shocks that could occur in the handling ofpackages or shipping units and h
17、elps evaluate the ability of thepackage to protect the contents against these shocks. The testmay also permit observation of progressive failure of a packageand damage to the contents.5.2 The test results within a given laboratory using this testmethod may be useful for evaluating and comparing pack
18、ages.However, because of the variability of test machines that havebeen used in the past, especially the impact surface (backstop),it has been found that interlaboratory correlation of test resultshas been poor.5.3 These procedures are not intended to simulate rail carcoupling environment. Refer to
19、Test Method D4003 and TestMethods D5277.5.4 This test method fulfills the requirement of ISO 2244.NOTE 1ISO 2244 may not meet the requirements for this test method.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Machine:6.1.1 The test machine shall consist of a guided test carriagewith a flat test specimen mounting surface
20、 and an impactsurface (backstop) with the plane of the face perpendicularwithin 630 min (12 ) to the direction of movement of thecarriage at impact.6.1.2 There shall be an impact surface (backstop) that isintegral with a solid mass at least 50 times the maximum massof the test specimen. The impact s
21、urface firmly attached to themass, shall be a steel plate not less than12 in. (13 mm) thick.The impact surface (backstop) must have dimensions greaterthan those of the impacting surface of the test specimen topermit full contact with the shipping container.NOTE 2The purpose of the apparatus is to pr
22、ovide an impact surface(backstop) and mass that will improve interlaboratory correlation of testresults and the accuracy of tests between laboratories. The test can beconducted on apparatus that does not meet the requirements of 6.1.2,provided it is clearly stated in 14.1.1.6.1.3 The test machine sh
23、all provide some means of movingthe test carriage to obtain the desired impact velocity. This maybe the result of mechanical or pneumatic means, gravitythrough the use of a 10 (nominal) incline, or a pendulumdevice.NOTE 3Depending upon the configuration of the test machine theremay be other forces a
24、cting before, during, or after the impact that mayaffect the test results.6.1.4 The test machine should preferably have a means ofpreventing multiple impacts.6.1.5 The test carriage shall provide surface friction suchthat the test specimen does not move during the period fromrest to impact, but will
25、 move freely upon impact.6.1.6 The impact surface (backstop) may, if desired, beequipped with hazards that can be so placed as to contact thecontainer at the time of impact at any desired position betweentop and bottom edges of the container. The dimensions,material, and location of the interposed h
26、azard should becarefully specified.6.2 Instrumentation:6.2.1 Instrumentation that may be an optical or mechanicaltiming device is required to measure the carriage impactvelocity to an accuracy of 62 % of the actual value. Whentesting is within a laboratory and for comparative purposesonly, instrumen
27、tation is optional.7. Safety Precautions7.1 The procedures given in this test method may producesevere mechanical responses in the test specimen. Therefore,operating personnel must remain alert to potential hazards andtake necessary precautions for their safety. The test area shouldbe cleared prior
28、to each test. Stop the test immediately if adangerous condition should develop. The testing of hazardousmaterials or products may require special precautions that mustbe observed. Safety equipment may be required and its usemust be understood before starting the test.8. Sampling8.1 The number of tes
29、t specimens depends on the desireddegree of precision and the availability of specimens. PracticeE122 provides guidance on the choice of sample size. It isrecommended that at least three representative test specimensbe used.9. Test Specimens9.1 When the specimen is being tested by Procedure A todete
30、rmine the ability of the container or shipping unit towithstand impact stresses, either the actual contents or adummy load simulating such contents can be used. When thespecimen is being tested by Procedure B to determine theability of the container or shipping unit or interior packing, orboth, to p
31、rovide protection to the contents, actual contents shallbe used. For both procedures closing, strapping, or sealingshould be the same as will be used in actual shipment.NOTE 4Certain contents or ingredients of the objects under test maybe replaced by inert materials of approximately the same weight
32、andcharacteristics.9.2 Identification of MembersSee Annex A1.10. Calibration10.1 Calibrate the impact carriage so that the desired impactvelocity (65 %) may be achieved.10.2 Make the calibration using the carriage with a loadsimulating actual contents equivalent to the package/productsweight. Measur
33、e the velocity of the carriage just before impact.11. Conditioning11.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioningbe selected from those shown in Practice D4332. Unlessotherwise specified, precondition and condition fiberboard andother paperboard containers in accordance with the standardatm
34、osphere specified in Practice D4332.12. Procedure12.1 Procedure A:D880 92 (2015)212.1.1 Testing of the Ability of a Container to WithstandImpactsPlace the container or shipping unit to be tested onthe carriage with the face or edge that is to receive the impactlocated projecting 2 in. (51 mm) beyond
35、 the impacting end ofthe carriage.12.1.2 If it is desired to concentrate the impact at anyparticular position on the test specimen, attach an optionalhazard to the impact surface (backstop) in the desired positionbefore the test. The hazard should be strong enough towithstand the impact of the carri
36、age if it should strike it.12.1.3 Position the carriage so that the predetermined im-pact velocity will be obtained and release. Measure the impactvelocity of each test to ensure it is representative of the desiredimpact velocity. The cycle of impacts continues by eitherrepeating the original impact
37、 velocity or increasing the impactvelocity for each cycle of impacts.12.1.4 The sequence in which the faces and edges aresubjected to impacts may be at the option of the operator andwill depend on the objective of the tests. Continue the test untilfailure of the container or shipping unit occurs. De
38、pending onthe purpose of the test, failure is when some predeterminedtype of damage has occurred, that is, exposure or spillage ofcontents, or both.12.2 Procedure B:12.2.1 Testing of the Ability of a Container, Shipping Unit,or Interior Packing, or combination thereof, to Provide Pro-tection to the
39、ContentsConduct this test in accordance with12.1 until a predetermined number of impacts at specificimpact velocities have been applied. Open the container orshipping unit to inspect the contents unless previous evidenceof failure is apparent.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 Re
40、ference to this test method, noting any deviationsfrom the procedure,13.1.2 A description of the test specimen in sufficient detailfor proper identification,13.1.3 Description of the contents,13.1.4 Identification of the purpose of the test,13.1.5 Identification of apparatus, including angle of incl
41、ineif appropriate. Instrumentation used, including date of lastinstrument calibration. Details of any modifications to eitherapparatus or instrumentation, if known, shall be included,13.1.6 Method of conditioning,13.1.7 Description of the test sequence, the impact velocityof each test, orientation o
42、f specimens on the carriage, and theuse of any optional hazards, including the dimensions,material, and location carefully specified, and13.1.8 Detailed record of damage to the test specimen orcontents, together with any other observation that may assist incorrectly interpreting the results or aid i
43、n improving the designof the test specimen or the method of packing, blocking, orcushioning.14. Precision and Bias414.1 Precision:14.1.1 This test method is usually conducted to determine ifa container or shipping system completes the prescribed testwithout specified damage. With this situation, no
44、statement canbe made about the precision because the results merely statewhether there is conformance to the criteria for success.14.1.2 When the test is conducted to determine the inputstress required to cause a specified type of damage, theprecision depends largely upon the item being tested. Thee
45、quipment, instrumentation, fixturing, methodology, and per-sonnel also play important roles in precision. A research reportindicates that there can be considerable variability betweenreplicate tests for vertical impacts; it is believed that similarconclusions are true for horizontal impacts.14.2 Bia
46、sThis test method has no bias because the resultsare defined only in terms of this test method.15. Keywords15.1 impact test; incline; packages; pendulumANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. IDENTIFICATION OF MEMBERSA1.1 Rectangular ContainersThe procedure for identifi-cation of the members (faces, edges,
47、and corners) of rectangu-lar containers shall be as follows (see Fig. A1.1).A1.1.1 Facing one end of the box with the manufacturersjoint where applicable, on the observers right, designate thetop of the box as “1,” the right side as “2,” the bottom as “3,”the left side as “4,” the near end as “5,” a
48、nd the far end as “6.”A1.1.2 Identify the edges by the numbers of the two facesthat form the edge: for example, 1-2 identifies the edge formedby the top and the right side, and 2-5 the edge formed by theright side and near end. (The 2-5 edge is the edge having avertical manufacturers joint, and the
49、2-3 edge is the edgehaving a horizontal manufacturers joint in fiberboard contain-ers.)A1.1.3 Identify the corners by the numbers of the threefaces that meet to form that corner: for example, 1-2-6identifies the corner where the top, the right side, and the farend meet.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D10-1004. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D880 92 (2015)3A1.2 Cylindrical ContainersThe procedure for identifica-tion of the members (top, bottom, sidewall, a
