1、Designation: D892 131British Standard 5092Designation: 146/2000Standard Test Method forFoaming Characteristics of Lubricating Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D892; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEA section reference i
3、n 12.1 was corrected editorially in June 2016.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the foam-ing characteristics of lubricating oils at 24 C and 93.5 C.Means of empirically rating the foaming tendency and thestability of the foam are described.1.2 WARNINGMercury has been designat
4、ed by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma
5、-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
6、ed as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determin
7、e the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D6082 Test Method for
8、High Temperature Foaming Charac-teristics of Lubricating OilsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Perme-ability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory UseE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-ders3. Terminology3.1 Def
9、initions:3.1.1 diffuser, nfor gas, a device for dispersing gas into afluid.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn this test method the diffuser may bemade of either metallic or non-metallic materials.3.1.2 entrained air (or gas), nin liquids, a two-phasemixture of air (or gas) dispersed in a liquid in which the liqui
10、dis the major component on a volumetric basis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionEntrained air (or gas) may form microsize bubbles in liquids that are not uniformly dispersed and thatmay coalesce to form larger bubbles below or at the surfacewhich break or form foam.3.1.3 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles f
11、ormed inor on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis.3.1.4 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces friction or wear between them. D60821This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Produ
12、cts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.06 on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D892 11a.DOI:10.1520/D0892-13E01.In t
13、he IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationCommittee. This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees andaccepted by the cooperating societies in accordance with established procedures.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
15、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the lubricant is anoil which may or may not contain additives such as foaminhibitors.3.1.5 maximum pore diameter, nin gas diffusion, thediameter of a circular cross-section of a capillary is equivalentto the large
16、st pore of the diffuser under consideration.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe pore dimension is expressed inmicrometres (m).3.1.6 permeability, nin gas diffusion, the rate of a sub-stance that passes through a material (diffuser) under givenconditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dyn
17、amic bubble, nthe first bubble to pass throughand escape from the diffuser followed by a continuous succes-sion of bubbles when testing for the maximum pore diameter inAnnex A1.3.2.1.1 DiscussionWhen a diffuser is immersed in aliquid, air can be trapped in the pores. It can escape eventuallyor as so
18、on as a pressure is applied to the diffuser. When testingfor maximum pore diameter (Annex A1) the escape of suchbubble shall be ignored.3.2.2 foam stability, nin foam testing, the amount of foamremaining at the specified time following the disconnecting ofthe air supply.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn this tes
19、t method, foam stability isdetermined from measurements made 10 min 6 10 s afterdisconnecting the air supply. In cases after the air supply hasbeen disconnected, where the foam collapses to 0 mL beforethe 10 min settling time has elapsed, the test may be terminatedand the foam stability result recor
20、ded as 0 mL.3.2.3 foaming tendency, nin foam testing, the amount offoam determined from measurements made immediately afterthe cessation of air flow.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Sequence IA portion of sample, maintained at a bathtemperature of 24 C 6 0.5 C is blown with air at a constantrate (94 mLm
21、in 6 5 mLmin ) for 5 min, then allowed tosettle for 10 min (unless the case described in 3.2.2.1 applies,in which case, the time duration can be shortened). The volumeof foam is measured at the end of both periods.4.2 Sequence IIAsecond portion of sample, maintained ata bath temperature of 93.5 C 60
22、.5 C, is analyzed using thesame air flow rate and blowing and settling time duration asindicated in 4.1.4.3 Sequence IIIThe sample portion used in conductingSequence II is used for Sequence III, where any remainingfoam is collapsed and the sample portion temperature cooledbelow 43.5 C by allowing th
23、e test cylinder to stand in air atroom temperature, before placing the cylinder in the bathmaintained at 24 C 6 0.5 C. The same air flow rate andblowing and settling time duration as indicated in 4.1 isfollowed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The tendency of oils to foam can be a serious problemin system
24、s such as high-speed gearing, high-volume pumping,and splash lubrication. Inadequate lubrication, cavitation, andoverflow loss of lubricant can lead to mechanical failure. Thistest method is used in the evaluation of oils for such operatingconditions.6. Apparatus6.1 Foaming Test Apparatus, an exampl
25、e of a suitableset-up is shown in Fig. 1, consisting of a 1000 mL graduatedcylinder or cylinders (meeting Specification E1272 class Btolerance requirement of 66 mL and at least graduations of10 mL) held in position when placed in the baths, such as fittedwith a heavy ring or clamp assembly to overco
26、me thebuoyancy, and an air-inlet tube, to the bottom of which isfastened a gas diffuser. The gas diffuser can be either a25.4 mm (1 in.) diameter spherical gas diffuser stone made offused crystalline alumina grain, or a cylindrical metal diffusermade of sintered five micron porous stainless steel (N
27、ote 1).FIG. 1 Foaming Test ApparatusD892 1312The cylinder shall have a diameter such that the distance fromthe inside bottom to the 1000 mL graduation mark is 360 mm6 25 mm. It shall be circular at the top (Note 2) and shall befitted with a stopper, such as those made of rubber, having onehole at th
28、e center for the air-inlet tube and a second holeoff-center for an air-outlet tube. The air-inlet tube shall beadjusted so that, when the stopper is fitted tightly into thecylinder, the gas diffuser (Note 3) just touches the bottom ofthe cylinder and is approximately at the center of the circularcro
29、ss section. Gas diffusers shall meet the following specifica-tion when tested in accordance with the method given in AnnexA1:Maximum pore diameter, m Not greater than 80Permeability at pressure of 2.45 kPa (250 mm) water,mL of air/min3000 to 6000NOTE 1Gas diffuser permeability and porosity can chang
30、e during use;therefore, it is recommended that diffusers be tested when new andperiodically thereafter preferably after each use.NOTE 2Graduated cylinders with circular tops can be prepared fromcylinders with pouring spouts by cutting them off below the spouts. Thecut surface is to be smoothed befor
31、e use by fire polishing or grinding.NOTE 3Gas diffusers may be attached to air-inlet tubes by any suitablemeans. A convenient arrangement is shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 4It may be necessary to confirm the volume of the cylinder.6.2 Test Baths, large enough to permit the immersion of thecylinder at least to
32、 the 900 mL mark and capable of beingmaintained at temperatures constant to 0.5 C (1 F) at 24 C(75 F) and 93.5 C (200 F), respectively. Both bath (Note 6)and bath liquid shall be clear enough to permit observation ofthe graduations on the cylinder.NOTE 5Air baths may also be utilized for heating pur
33、poses. Limiteddata has shown that both liquid and air baths give equivalent results.However, the precision estimates given in Section 13 are based on usingonly liquid baths.3NOTE 6Heat-resistant cylindrical glass jars approximately 300 mm(12 in.) in diameter and 450 mm (18 in.) in height make satisf
34、actory baths.6.3 Air Supply, from a source capable of maintaining an airflow rate of 94 mLmin 6 5 mLmin through the gas diffuser.If the dew point of the air supply does not meet the 60 C orlower requirements as stated in 7.3, the air shall be passedthrough a drying tower 300 mm in height packed as f
35、ollows:just above the constriction place a 20 mm layer of cotton, thena 180 mm layer of indicating desiccant, and a 20 mm layer ofcotton. The cotton serves to hold the desiccant in place. Refillthe tower when the indicating desiccant begins to showpresence of moisture. The use of the drying tower de
36、scribedabove is optional if the dew point of the air supply meets the60 C or lower requirements as stated in 7.3. A flowmetersensitive to the required tolerances can be used to measure theair flow (Note 7).NOTE 7A manometer type flowmeter, in which the capillary betweenthe two arms of the U-tube is
37、approximately 0.4 mm in diameter and16 mm in length, and in which n-butylphthalate is the manometric liquid,is suitable.6.3.1 The total volume of air leaving the foaming testapparatus shall be measured by a volume measuring device(Note 9) capable of accurately measuring gas volumes of about470 mL. T
38、he air shall be passed through at least one loop ofcopper tubing placed around the inside circumference of thecold bath so that the volume measurement is made at approxi-mately 24 C (75 F). Precautions are to be taken to avoid leaksat any point in the system.NOTE 8Alternatively, a 1 L cylinder (with
39、 10 mL graduation marks)full of water is inverted in a tall, large beaker also filled with water. Thereshould be no air bubbles inside. Air leaving the copper loop in the bath isconnected below the cylinder. When the test is started, air will flow intothe cylinder, displacing the water. At the end o
40、f the test, the volume of airin the cylinder is measured by equalizing the water levels inside andoutside the cylinder.Alternatively, the total volume of air passed would bethe difference between the final and the initial volumes of water in thecylinder.NOTE 9Awet test meter calibrated in hundredths
41、 of a litre is suitable.6.4 Timer, graduated and accurate to 1 s or better.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1516.Dimensions in millimetres (inches)FIG. 2 Attachment of Gas Diffusers to Air-Inlet TubesD892 1313
42、6.5 Temperature Sensing Device, capable of covering thetemperature range from at least 20 C to 100 C, with anaccuracy of 60.5 C. A thermometer having a range as shownbelow and conforming to the requirements as prescribed inSpecification E1 or specifications for IPthermometers has beenfound suitable
43、to use:TemperatureRangeThermometerASTM No. IP20 C to 102 C 12C 64C7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all cases. Unless indicated otherwise, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the committee onAnalytical Reagents of the
44、American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Acetone(WarningExtremely flammable, vaporscan cause a fl
45、ash fire).7.3 Compressed Air, hydrocarbon free and dry to a dewpoint of 60 C or lower, otherwise the drying tower describedin 6.3 shall be used.7.4 Cleaning Reagentssuch as heptane (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful) and toluene (methylbenzene) foruse in cleaning the cylinder, gas diffuser, and air-in
46、let tube.Other reagents with equivalent cleaning and solvency charac-teristics may be substituted as appropriate, provided the re-quirements in 9.1 are satisfied.7.5 Propan-2-olfor use in determining the maximum porediameter if a metallic diffuser is used (see A1.2.1). (Solventswith equivalent clean
47、ing and solvency characteristics may besubstituted for propan-2-ol.)8. Hazards8.1 (WarningUsers of this test method shall be trainedand familiar with all normal laboratory practices, or under theimmediate supervision of such a person. It is the responsibilityof the operator to ensure that all local
48、legislative and statutoryrequirements are met.)8.2 (WarningCleaning solvents have flash points lowerthan ambient temperatures. Avoid the possibility of fire orexplosion.)8.3 (WarningThe fumes from the test oil and the bathshall be vented in a manner compatible with local governmentregulations.)8.4 (
49、WarningSome apparatus assemblies can have asmuch as 20 L of heat transfer oil at 93.5 C. Therefore, in theevent of breakage of the containing vessel, provisions forsuitable containment of the spill is advisable.)9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Thorough cleansing of the test cylinder (9.1.1) and gasdiffuser and air-inlet tube (9.1.2) is essential after each use toremove any additive remaining from previous tests which canseriously interfere with results of subsequent tests. The crite-rion that the test
