1、Designation: D9 09a1Standard Terminology Relating toWood and Wood-Based Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made throughout in March 2010.INTRODUCTIONThe definitions contained herein constitute a lexicon of terms of general interest. Defini
3、tions in morespecialized wood product or process use will be found in other standards. These include PracticeD245, Terminology D907, Terminology D1038, Nomenclature D1165, Terminology D1554, Termi-nology F547, Practice D2555, and Terminology C274.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a repository of d
4、efinitionsessential for the business of Committee D07.1.2 The following criteria shall be followed by Subcommit-tee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions forinclusion in this terminology.1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected ifthey are in general use in the conduct
5、of the standards overwhich D07 has jurisdiction.1.2.2 Terms and associated definitions in general industrialor technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-basedproducts are not included.1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to asingle D07 standard and defined therein or genera
6、lly under-stood or adequately defined in other readily available sourcesmay not be included in this terminology.1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee D07 is responsible, it is included in this terminol-ogy only when judged an essential term by SubcommitteeD07.91.1.4 A defini
7、tion is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in discussion notes.1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years;the year of last review is appended.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD143 Test Methods for Smal
8、l Clear Specimens of TimberD245 Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Re-lated Allowable Properties for Visually Graded LumberD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and PlywoodD1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-woodsD1554 Terminology Relating to
9、Wood-Base Fiber and Par-ticle Panel MaterialsD2016 Methods of Test for Moisture Content of Wood3D2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Val-uesF547 Terminology of Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-Base Materials3. Terminologyallowable propertiesmechanical properties of materials asprepare
10、d for design use.DISCUSSIONAllowable properties of wood are identified with stress-grade descriptions and reflect the orthotropic structure of wood. Often1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology an
11、dEditorial.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1907. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D9 09. DOI:10.1520/D0009-09A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
12、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
13、28-2959, United States.considered synonymous with allowable unit stresses, working stresses,and design stresses.American Softwood Lumber Standarda voluntary productstandard of the U.S. Department of Commerce which servesas a basis for the preparation and revision of industry-sponsored grading rules
14、for lumber.American standard lumberlumber conforming to the basicprovisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard.annual ringthe growth layer produced by the tree in a singlegrowth year, including earlywood and latewood.bark pocketthe layer of a tree outside the cambium com-prising the inner bark
15、 and the outer bark.bark productan opening between annual growth rings thatcontains bark.DISCUSSIONBark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial surfacesand as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.inner barkthe layer of living bark (phloem) that separatesthe outer bark from the cambium and which in
16、the living treegenerally is moist and soft.outer barkthe layer of dead bark outside the inner bark,forming the exterior surface of the tree stem.DISCUSSIONThe outer bark frequently is corky and dry.basic stress (archaic)the term once used for an allowableproperty for clear, straight-grained lumber.b
17、attena narrow strip of lumber for covering the adjoiningedges of roofing or siding, often designated as “batts.”board foota unit of measurement represented by a board 1 ftlong, 1 ft wide, and 1 in. thick (abbreviation: ft. b.m., bd. ft.,fmb).DISCUSSIONIn finished or surfaced lumber, the board-foot m
18、easureis based on the nominal size. In practice, the working unit is 1000 boardfeet (abbreviation: M bd. ft., M B.M., M B.F).board measurea unit of measurement of the volume inboard feet of logs or lumber (abbreviation: B.M.).boardssee lumber.bolethe stem or trunk of a tree of size sufficient to yie
19、ldlumber, veneer, or poles.bolt(1) a short section of a tree trunk or limb;(2) a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe forveneer; and(3) a short portion of a log prepared for production ofshingles, staves, etc.bowthe distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a d
20、irection perpendicular to the flat face from astraight line from end to end of the piece.brashnessa condition that causes some pieces of wood to berelatively low in shock resistance for the species and, whenbroken in bending, to fail abruptly without splintering atcomparatively small deflections.bui
21、lt-up timbersan assembly made by joining layers oflumber together with mechanical fastenings so the grain ofall laminations is essentially parallel.burl(1) a hard, woody outgrowth on a tree, more or lessrounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growthof a cluster of adventitious buds; and
22、(2) in wood or veneer, a localized severe distortion of thegrain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting fromovergrowth of dead branch stubs, varying from12 in. toseveral inches in diameter; frequently includes one or moreclusters of several small contiguous conical protuberances,each usuall
23、y having a core of pith but no appreciable amountof end grain (in tangential view) surrounding it.cambiumthe layer of cells that lies between the inner barkand the wood of a tree, that repeatedly subdivides to formnew wood and bark cells.canta log that has been slabbed on one or more sides,usually w
24、ith the intention of resawing at right angles to thewidest sawn face.casehardeninga condition of stress and set in wood due todrying in which outer fibers are under compressive stress andinner fibers under tensile stress, a condition that often existsduring subsequent processing.DISCUSSIONIn commerc
25、e, the term often connotes a degree ofseverity regarded as detrimental in use.cella general term for the minute units of wood structurehaving distinct cell walls and cell cavities including woodfibers, vessel segments, and other elements of diversestructure and function.cellulosethe carbohydrate tha
26、t is the principal constituent ofwood and forms the structural framework of the wood cells.characteristica distinguishing feature or trait; in gradinglumber and other wood products, a feature in or on the woodwhich by its nature, extent, and frequency of occurrencedetermines the grade or level of qu
27、ality.characteristic sizethe standard dimensions of the piece atwhich the characteristic value is calculated.characteristic valuethe structural property estimate, typi-cally a population mean, median, or tolerance limit valueestimated from the test data that is representative of thepopulation being
28、sampled.DISCUSSIONTest data is typically adjusted to standardized condi-tions of temperature, moisture content, and characteristic size.checka separation of the wood along the fiber direction thatusually extends across the rings of annual growth, com-monly resulting from stresses set up in wood duri
29、ng season-ing.end checka seasoning check occurring on the end of aboard or other piece of wood.heart checka check that extends across the growth layersin one or more directions from the pith toward, but not to, thesurface of a piece of wood; a synonym is pith check.pith checksee heart check.roller c
30、hecka crack in the wood structure caused by apiece of cupped lumber being flattened between machinerollers.star checka heart check in which the separation extends inmore than one direction from the pith.surface checka check occurring on the surface of a pieceof wood, usually on the tangential face n
31、ot extendingthrough the piece.D9 09a12through checka check that extends through a piece ofwood, or from a surface to the opposite or to an adjoiningsurface.chipssmall fragments of wood chopped or broken by cutssuch as by a planer, chipper, mechanical hog, hammermill.clearfree of defects or imperfect
32、ions.coarse grainsee grain.collapsethe flattening of single cells or rows of cells duringthe drying or pressure treatment of wood, characterized by acaved-in or corrugated posite wood beama laminar construction comprising acombination of wood and other simple or complex materialsassembled and intima
33、tely fixed in relation to each other so asto use the properties of each to attain specific structuraladvantage of the whole pression failuredeformation of the wood fibers result-ing from excessive compression along the grain either indirect end compression or in bending.DISCUSSIONIt may develop in s
34、tanding trees due to bending by windor snow or to internal longitudinal stresses developed in growth, or itmay result from stresses imposed after the tree is cut. In surfacedlumber, compression failures appear as fine wrinkles across the face ofthe pression parallel to graincompression, endwise (par
35、-allel to the grain).DISCUSSIONThe imposition of a compressive stress that acts in adirection parallel to the grain of the wood, as in a pression perpendicular to graincompression, sidewise(perpendicular to the grain).DISCUSSIONThe imposition of a compressive stress that acts in adirection approxima
36、tely perpendicular to the grain of the pression woodabnormal wood formed typically on thelower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.DISCUSSIONCompression wood is identified by its relatively wideannual rings, usually eccentric, relatively large amount of latewood,sometimes more tha
37、n 50 % of the width of the annual rings in which itoccurs, and its lack of demarcation between earlywood and latewood inthe same annual rings. Compression wood shrinks excessively length-wise, as compared with normal wood.conifera tree belonging to the order Coniferae, usuallyevergreen, with cones a
38、nd needle-shaped or scalelike leaves,and producing wood known commercially as “softwood.”crooka distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction perpendicular to the edge from astraight line from end to end of the piece.cross breaka separation of the wood cells across the
39、grain.DISCUSSIONSuch breaks may be due to internal stress resulting fromunequal longitudinal shrinkage or external forces.cross grainsee grain.cross sectiona section of a stem, board, or other piece ofwood taken at right angles to its longitudinal axis.crosscutto cut a board, timber, or log generall
40、y transverse tothe direction of the fibers; a synonym is “buck.”cupa distortion of a board in which there is a deviationflatwise from a straight line across the width of the board.decaydecomposition of wood substance caused by action ofwood-destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss ofstrength a
41、nd weight, and often in change of texture and color.advanced (or typical) decaythe older stage of decay inwhich the destruction is readily recognized because thewood has become punky, soft and spongy, stringy, ring-shaked, pitted, or crumbly.DISCUSSIONDecided discoloration or bleaching of the rotted
42、 woodis often apparent.incipient decaythe early stage of decay that has notproceeded far enough to soften or otherwise perceptiblyimpair the hardness of the wood.DISCUSSIONIt may be accompanied by a slight discoloration orbleaching of the wood.pocket rotadvanced decay that appears in the form of aho
43、le, pocket, or area of soft rot usually surrounded byapparently sound wood.defectany irregularity or imperfection in a tree, log, piece,product, or lumber that reduces the volume of sound wood orlowers its durability, strength, or utility value.degrade, na reduction in quality of lumber, logs, or ot
44、herwood products due to processing.dense(1) term used in stress grading of certain softwoodspecies to signify a high specific gravity; and(2) a visual estimate of high specific gravity.DISCUSSIONTo be classified as dense, the softwood species shallaverage on one end or the other of each piece, not l
45、ess than six annualrings per inch and one-third or more latewood. Pieces not less than fourrings per inch shall be accepted as dense if they average one-half ormore latewood.depth factorthe factor included in deriving the allowablebending stress for rectangular members which takes intoaccount the so
46、mewhat lower unit strength developed inlarger members as compared to smaller members; archaicterminology more correctly termed size factor.depth of beamthat dimension of the beam that is perpen-dicular to the span and parallel to the direction in which theload is applied.diffuse porous woodcertain h
47、ardwoods in which the poresexhibit little or no variation in size or distribution throughoutthe growth ring, only decreasing slightly in size, graduallytoward the outer border of the ring.dimensional stabilizationtreatment of wood to reduceswelling and shrinking caused by changes in its moisturecont
48、ent.dotesee decay.dressed sizesee lumber.dryingsee seasoning.dry-bulb temperaturetemperature of the air as indicated byan accurate thermometer, corrected for radiation if signifi-cant.D9 09a13durabilitya general term for permanence or resistance todeterioration.DISCUSSIONFrequently used to refer to
49、the degree of resistance of aspecies of wood to attack by wood-destroying fungi under conditionsthat favor such attack. In this connection, the term “decay resistance”is more specific.duration of loadthe duration of stress or the time duringwhich a load acts on a member.DISCUSSIONIn wood, a design consideration for modifying allow-able stresses, based on the accumulated loadings anticipated in the lifeof a structure.E-rated lumberlumber gr
