1、Designation: D9 12Standard Terminology Relating toWood and Wood-Based Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe definitions contained herein constitute a lexicon of terms of general interest. Definitions inmore specialized wood product or process use will be fou
3、nd in other standards. These include PracticeD245, Terminology D907, Terminology D1038, Nomenclature D1165, Terminology D1554, Termi-nology F547, Practice D2555, and Terminology C274.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a repository of definitionsessential for the business of Committee D07.1.2 The fo
4、llowing criteria shall be followed by Subcommit-tee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions forinclusion in this terminology.1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected ifthey are in general use in the conduct of the standards overwhich D07 has jurisdiction.1.2.2 Terms and
5、associated definitions in general industrialor technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-basedproducts are not included.1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to asingle D07 standard and defined therein or generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily available
6、 sourcesmay not be included in this terminology.1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee D07 is responsible, it is included in this terminol-ogy only when judged an essential term by SubcommitteeD07.91.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included
7、in discussion notes.1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years;the year of last review is appended.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD245 Practice for Establishing Struct
8、ural Grades and Re-lated Allowable Properties for Visually Graded LumberD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and PlywoodD1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-woodsD1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Par-ticle Panel MaterialsD2016 Methods of Te
9、st for Moisture Content of Wood(Withdrawn 1987)3D2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength ValuesF547 Terminology of Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-Base Materials3. Terminologyallowable propertiesmechanical properties of materials asprepared for design use.DISCUSSIONAllowable properties o
10、f wood are identified with stress-grade descriptions and reflect the orthotropic structure of wood. Oftenconsidered synonymous with allowable unit stresses, working stresses,and design stresses.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility
11、of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology andEditorial.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1907. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D9 09AE01. DOI:10.1520/D0009-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
12、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
13、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1American Softwood Lumber Standarda voluntary productstandard of the U.S. Department of Commerce which servesas a basis for the preparation and revision of industry-sponsored grading rules for lumber.American standard lumberlumber conforming to t
14、he basicprovisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard.annual ringthe growth layer produced by the tree in a singlegrowth year, including earlywood and latewood.bark pocketthe layer of a tree outside the cambium com-prising the inner bark and the outer bark.bark productan opening between annual
15、 growth rings thatcontains bark.DISCUSSIONBark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial surfacesand as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.inner barkthe layer of living bark (phloem) that separatesthe outer bark from the cambium and which in the living treegenerally is moist and soft.outer barkthe
16、layer of dead bark outside the inner bark,forming the exterior surface of the tree stem.DISCUSSIONThe outer bark frequently is corky and dry.basic stress (archaic)the term once used for an allowableproperty for clear, straight-grained lumber.battena narrow strip of lumber for covering the adjoininge
17、dges of roofing or siding, often designated as “batts.”board foota unit of measurement represented by a board 1 ftlong, 1 ft wide, and 1 in. thick (abbreviation: ft. b.m., bd. ft.,fmb).DISCUSSIONIn finished or surfaced lumber, the board-foot measureis based on the nominal size. In practice, the work
18、ing unit is 1000 boardfeet (abbreviation: M bd. ft., M B.M., M B.F).board measurea unit of measurement of the volume inboard feet of logs or lumber (abbreviation: B.M.).boardssee lumber.bolethe stem or trunk of a tree of size sufficient to yieldlumber, veneer, or poles.bolt(1) a short section of a t
19、ree trunk or limb;(2) a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe forveneer; and(3) a short portion of a log prepared for production ofshingles, staves, etc.bowthe distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction perpendicular to the flat face from astraight li
20、ne from end to end of the piece.brashnessa condition that causes some pieces of wood to berelatively low in shock resistance for the species and, whenbroken in bending, to fail abruptly without splintering atcomparatively small deflections.built-up timbersan assembly made by joining layers oflumber
21、together with mechanical fastenings so the grain ofall laminations is essentially parallel.burl(1) a hard, woody outgrowth on a tree, more or lessrounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growthof a cluster of adventitious buds; and(2) in wood or veneer, a localized severe distortion of t
22、hegrain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting fromovergrowth of dead branch stubs, varying from12 in. toseveral inches in diameter; frequently includes one or moreclusters of several small contiguous conical protuberances,each usually having a core of pith but no appreciable amountof end g
23、rain (in tangential view) surrounding it.cambiumthe layer of cells that lies between the inner barkand the wood of a tree, that repeatedly subdivides to formnew wood and bark cells.canta log that has been slabbed on one or more sides,usually with the intention of resawing at right angles to thewides
24、t sawn face.casehardeninga condition of stress and set in wood due todrying in which outer fibers are under compressive stress andinner fibers under tensile stress, a condition that often existsduring subsequent processing.DISCUSSIONIn commerce, the term often connotes a degree ofseverity regarded a
25、s detrimental in use.cella general term for the minute units of wood structurehaving distinct cell walls and cell cavities including woodfibers, vessel segments, and other elements of diversestructure and function.cellulosethe carbohydrate that is the principal constituent ofwood and forms the struc
26、tural framework of the wood cells.characteristica distinguishing feature or trait; in gradinglumber and other wood products, a feature in or on the woodwhich by its nature, extent, and frequency of occurrencedetermines the grade or level of quality.characteristic sizethe standard dimensions of the p
27、iece atwhich the characteristic value is calculated.characteristic valuethe structural property estimate, typi-cally a population mean, median, or tolerance limit valueestimated from the test data that is representative of thepopulation being sampled.DISCUSSIONTest data is typically adjusted to stan
28、dardized condi-tions of temperature, moisture content, and characteristic size.checka separation of the wood along the fiber direction thatusually extends across the rings of annual growth, com-monly resulting from stresses set up in wood during season-ing.end checka seasoning check occurring on the
29、 end of aboard or other piece of wood.heart checka check that extends across the growth layersin one or more directions from the pith toward, but not to, thesurface of a piece of wood; a synonym is pith check.pith checksee heart check.roller checka crack in the wood structure caused by a pieceof cup
30、ped lumber being flattened between machine rollers.D9122star checka heart check in which the separation extends inmore than one direction from the pith.surface checka check occurring on the surface of a piece ofwood, usually on the tangential face not extending through thepiece.through checka check
31、that extends through a piece ofwood, or from a surface to the opposite or to an adjoiningsurface.chipssmall fragments of wood chopped or broken by cutssuch as by a planer, chipper, mechanical hog, hammermill.clearfree of defects or imperfections.coarse grainsee grain.collapsethe flattening of single
32、 cells or rows of cells duringthe drying or pressure treatment of wood, characterized by acaved-in or corrugated posite wood beama laminar construction comprising acombination of wood and other simple or complex materialsassembled and intimately fixed in relation to each other so asto use the proper
33、ties of each to attain specific structuraladvantage of the whole pression failuredeformation of the wood fibers result-ing from excessive compression along the grain either indirect end compression or in bending.DISCUSSIONIt may develop in standing trees due to bending by windor snow or to internal
34、longitudinal stresses developed in growth, or itmay result from stresses imposed after the tree is cut. In surfacedlumber, compression failures appear as fine wrinkles across the face ofthe pression parallel to graincompression, endwise (par-allel to the grain).DISCUSSIONThe imposition of a compress
35、ive stress that acts in adirection parallel to the grain of the wood, as in a pression perpendicular to graincompression, sidewise(perpendicular to the grain).DISCUSSIONThe imposition of a compressive stress that acts in adirection approximately perpendicular to the grain of the pression woodabnorma
36、l wood formed typically on thelower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.DISCUSSIONCompression wood is identified by its relatively wideannual rings, usually eccentric, relatively large amount of latewood,sometimes more than 50 % of the width of the annual rings in which itoccurs,
37、and its lack of demarcation between earlywood and latewood inthe same annual rings. Compression wood shrinks excessivelylengthwise, as compared with normal wood.conifera tree belonging to the order Coniferae, usuallyevergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves,and producing wood known
38、 commercially as “softwood.”crooka distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction perpendicular to the edge from astraight line from end to end of the piece.cross breaka separation of the wood cells across the grain.DISCUSSIONSuch breaks may be due to internal stress res
39、ulting fromunequal longitudinal shrinkage or external forces.cross grainsee grain.cross sectiona section of a stem, board, or other piece ofwood taken at right angles to its longitudinal axis.crosscutto cut a board, timber, or log generally transverse tothe direction of the fibers; a synonym is “buc
40、k.”cupa distortion of a board in which there is a deviationflatwise from a straight line across the width of the board.decaydecomposition of wood substance caused by action ofwood-destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss ofstrength and weight, and often in change of texture and color.advanced
41、(or typical) decaythe older stage of decay inwhich the destruction is readily recognized because the woodhas become punky, soft and spongy, stringy, ring-shaked,pitted, or crumbly.DISCUSSIONDecided discoloration or bleaching of the rotted woodis often apparent.incipient decaythe early stage of decay
42、 that has notproceeded far enough to soften or otherwise perceptibly impairthe hardness of the wood.DISCUSSIONIt may be accompanied by a slight discoloration orbleaching of the wood.pocket rotadvanced decay that appears in the form of ahole, pocket, or area of soft rot usually surrounded byapparentl
43、y sound wood.defectany irregularity or imperfection in a tree, log, piece,product, or lumber that reduces the volume of sound wood orlowers its durability, strength, or utility value.degrade, na reduction in quality of lumber, logs, or otherwood products due to processing.dense(1) term used in stres
44、s grading of certain softwoodspecies to signify a high specific gravity; and(2) a visual estimate of high specific gravity.DISCUSSIONTo be classified as dense, the softwood species shallaverage on one end or the other of each piece, not less than six annualrings per inch and one-third or more latewo
45、od. Pieces not less than fourrings per inch shall be accepted as dense if they average one-half ormore latewood.depth factorthe factor included in deriving the allowablebending stress for rectangular members which takes intoaccount the somewhat lower unit strength developed inlarger members as compa
46、red to smaller members; archaicterminology more correctly termed size factor.depth of beamthat dimension of the beam that is perpen-dicular to the span and parallel to the direction in which theload is applied.diffuse porous woodcertain hardwoods in which the poresexhibit little or no variation in s
47、ize or distribution throughoutthe growth ring, only decreasing slightly in size, graduallytoward the outer border of the ring.dimensional stabilizationtreatment of wood to reduceswelling and shrinking caused by changes in its moisturecontent.D9123dotesee decay.dressed sizesee lumber.dryingsee season
48、ing.dry-bulb temperaturetemperature of the air as indicated byan accurate thermometer, corrected for radiation if signifi-cant.durabilitya general term for permanence or resistance todeterioration.DISCUSSIONFrequently used to refer to the degree of resistance of aspecies of wood to attack by wood-de
49、stroying fungi under conditionsthat favor such attack. In this connection, the term “decay resistance”is more specific.duration of loadthe duration of stress or the time duringwhich a load acts on a member.DISCUSSIONIn wood, a design consideration for modifying allow-able stresses, based on the accumulated loadings anticipated in the lifeof a structure.E-rated lumberlumber graded for use in manufacturingglued-laminated timber by nondestructive mea
