1、Designation: D910 11An American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications fo
3、rpurchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviationgasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolinessatisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-ment or conditions
4、of use may permit a wider, or require anarrower, range of characteristics than is shown by thisspecification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Dist
5、illation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D357 Method of Tes
6、t for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of AviationFuels by the Aviation Method3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels(Potential
7、 Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude P
8、etroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method3D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur
9、in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviationand Distillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation Fue
10、lsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Mono-chloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practic
11、e for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bo
12、mb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Prod
13、ucts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous edition approved in 2007as D91007a. DOI: 10.1520/D0910-11.2For referenced AST
14、M standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedo
15、n www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Pe
16、troleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions
17、:3.1.1 aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specificproperties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocat-ing spark ignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitabil
18、ity for low temperatureperformance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 LLlow lead3.2.2 VLLvery low lead4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation gasoline at the time andplace of delivery.5. Classification5.1 Five grades of leaded aviation gasoline
19、 are provided,known as:Grade 80Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100LLGrade 100VLLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane/performance numbers as measured by the now obsoleteTest Method D614(Discontinued 1970). A table for converting octane/performance numbersobtained by Test Method D2700 motor me
20、thod into aviation ratings waslast published in Specification D91094 in the 1995 Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol 05.01.5.2 Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL represent aviationgasolines identical in minimum antiknock quality but differingin maximum lead content and color. The color identifies thediffer
21、ence for engines that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/98, 108/135 and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification. U.S.Military Specification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (withdrawnMarch 22, 1988), also covers grade 115/145 a
22、viation gasoline, and isavailable as a research report.45.3 Although the grade designations show only a singleoctane rating for each grade, they shall meet a minimum leanmixture motor rating and a minimum rich mixture superchargerating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Aviation gasoline,
23、except as otherwise specified in thisspecification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbonsderived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends,thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocar-bons, or both.6.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to each grade ofaviation gasolin
24、e in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following list of approved materials.6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of anantiknock mixture containing not less than 61 mass % oftetraethyl lead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide twobromine atoms per atom of lead. Th
25、e balance shall contain noadded ingredients other than kerosine, an approved oxidationinhibitor, and blue dye, as specified herein. The maximumconcentration limit for each grade of gasoline is specified inTable 1.6.2.1.1 If mutually agreed upon by the fuel producer andadditive vendor, tetraethyl lea
26、d antiknock mixture may bediluted with 20 mass % of a mixed aromatic solvent having aminimum flash point of 60C according to Test Methods D93when the product is to be handled in cold climates. The TELcontent of the dilute product is reduced to 49 mass %, so thatthe amount of antiknock additive must
27、be adjusted to achievethe necessary lead level. The dilute product still delivers twobromine atoms per atom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concentration limits in eachgrade of gasoline are specified in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only blue dye that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentiall
28、y 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentiallyp-diethylaminoazobenzene (Color Index No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finishedgasoline shall be
29、 essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.2.2.4 The only orange dye that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentially benzene-azo-2-napthol(Color Index No. 12055).6.3 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of avia-tion gasoline in the amount and of the compo
30、sition specified inthe following list of approved materials.5The quantities andtypes shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives addedafter the point of manufacture shall also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separately, or in combinat
31、ion, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarter
32、s and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1255.5Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR:D02-1125.D910 112TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Aviation
33、GasolinesAGrade80Grade91Grade100VLLGrade100LLGrade100ASTM TestMethodBOctane RatingsKnock value, lean mixtureCMotor Octane Number min 80.7 90.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Aviation Lean Rating min 80.0 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Knock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 87 98 D909Performance numberD,Emin 1
34、30.0 130.0 130.0 D909Tetraethyl lead, mL D3341 or D5059TEL/L max 0.13 0.53 0.43 0.53 1.06gPb/L max 0.14 0.56 0.45 0.56 1.12Color red brown blue blue green D2392Dye contentFBlue dye, mg/L max 0.2 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7Yellow dye, mg/L max none none none none 2.8Red dye, mg/L max 2.3 2.7 none none noneOrange
35、 dye, mg/L max none 6.0 none none noneRequirements for All GradesDensity at 15C, kg/m3Report D1298 or D4052Distillation D86Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 170Sumof10
36、%+50%evaporatedtemperatures, Cmin 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure, 38C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5190or D5191GFreezing point, C max 58HD2386Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D1266 or D2622Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgImin 43.5 D4529 or D3338Corrosion, c
37、opper strip, 2 h at 100C max No. 1 D130Oxidation stability (5 h aging)J,KD873Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6Lead precipitate, mg/100 mL max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 62Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450LD2624AFor compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see
38、7.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.CBoth Motor Octane Number (MON) and Aviation Lean Mixture values shall be reported.DA performance number of 130.0 is equivalent to a knock value determined using iso-octane plus 0.34 mL TEL/L.EKnock ratings shall be reported
39、 to the nearest 0.1 octane/performance number.FThe maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.GTest Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.HIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58
40、C.IFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.JIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be spe
41、cified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL and the visible lead precipitate shall not exceed 4 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24mg/L.KTest Method D381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting qua
42、lity deterioration or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution fromrefinery to airport. Refer to X1.7.1.LApplies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall
43、 applyunder the condition at point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D910 1136.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plu
44、s25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-phenols.6.3.1.7 N,N8-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N8-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing Inhib
45、itor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of isopro
46、pyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratingsbelow minimum specification values (see X1.2.4).66.3.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (TypeIII). May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %when required by the aircraft owner/
47、operator.6.3.2.3 Test Method D5006 can be used to determine theconcentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.6.3.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4507in con-centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-ity additive, furt
48、her addition is permissible up to a maximumcumulative level of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.6.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corro-sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrationsnot to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 22.5 g/
49、m3DCI-6A MAC = 9.0 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m37. Detailed Requirements7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform to the requirementsprescribed in Table 1.7.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requir
