1、Designation: D910 13aD910 14 An American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating spe
3、cifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory forreciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment
4、 or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range ofcharacteristics than is shown by this specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Te
5、st Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
6、D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replaced byD 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Fuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by
7、 D 2700 (Withdrawn1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Metho
8、d)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replacedby D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)3D2386 Test Method for Fr
9、eezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Oc
10、tane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for
11、Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Aviation GasolineJ2 Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation Engine F
12、uels.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2014. Published January 2014September 2014. Originally approved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous editionapproved in 2013 as D910 13.D910 13a. DOI: 10.1520/D0910-13A.10.1520/D0910-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website
13、, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM
14、 standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all
15、 cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4171 Speci
16、fication for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method
17、for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Le
18、ad in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)3D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using Significa
19、nt Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocating sparkignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatility li
20、mits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for which it is intended, andsuitability for low temperature performance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 LLlow lead3.2.2 VLLvery low lead4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of aviation gaso
21、line at the time and placeof delivery.5. Classification5.1 Five grades of leaded aviation gasoline are provided, known as:Grade 80Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100LLGrade 100VLLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane/performance numbers as measured by the now obsolete Test Method D614 (Discon
22、tinued1970). A table for converting octane/performance numbers obtained by Test Method D2700 motor method into aviation ratings was last published inSpecification D91094 in the 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5.2 Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL represent aviation gasolines identical in m
23、inimum antiknock quality but differing inmaximum lead content and color. The color identifies the difference for engines that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/98, 108/135 and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification. U.S. Military
24、Specification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (withdrawn March 22, 1988), also covers grade 115/145 aviation gasoline, and is available as aresearch report.45.3 Although the grade designations show only a single octane rating for each grade, they shall meet a minimum lean mixturemotor rating and
25、 a minimum rich mixture supercharge rating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derivedfrom crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbo
26、ns or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both.6.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to each grade of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified inthe following list of approved materials.6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of an antiknock mixture containing not less than
27、61 percent mass % oftetraethyl lead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromine atoms per atom of lead. The balance shall contain no4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1255.D910 142added ingredient
28、s other than kerosine, an approved oxidation inhibitor, and blue dye, as specified herein. The maximumconcentration limit for each grade of gasoline is specified in Table 1.6.2.1.1 If mutually agreed upon by the fuel producer and additive vendor, tetraethyl lead antiknock mixture may be diluted with
29、20 percent mass % of a mixed aromatic solvent having a minimum flash point of 60C60 C according to Test Methods D93 whenthe product is to be handled in cold climates. The TEL content of the dilute product is reduced to 49 mass %,percent mass, so thatthe amount of antiknock additive must be adjusted
30、to achieve the necessary lead level. The dilute product still delivers two bromineatoms per atom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concentration limits in each grade of gasoline are specified in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only blue dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially 1,4-dia
31、lkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene (ColorIndex No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essent
32、ially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.2.2.4 The only orange dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially benzene-azo-2-napthol (ColorIndex No. 12055).6.3 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition
33、specified in thefollowing list of approved materials.5 The quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives added after thepoint of manufacture shall also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors may be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination,
34、 in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 % maximum mix
35、ed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butylphe-nols.6.3.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phen
36、ylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the following may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May beused in concentrations recommended by t
37、he aircraft manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratings below minimum specification values (see X1.2.4).66.3.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME), conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type
38、 III).May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume % when required by the aircraft owner/operator.6.3.2.3 Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.6.3.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4507 in concentrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. W
39、hen loss of fuel conductivitynecessitates retreatment with electrical conductivity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum cumulative level of5 mg/L of Stadis 450.6.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corrosion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations not
40、 toexceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 24 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 15 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD
41、4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m37. Detailed Requirements7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.5 Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting ResearchReport
42、 RR:D02-1125.6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526.7 Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Octel America, Inc., Newark, DE 19702.D910 143TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Leaded Aviation GasolinesAGra
43、de80Grade91Grade100VLLGrade100LLGrade100ASTM TestMethodBPropertyCOMBUSTIONNet heat of combustion, MJ/kgCmin 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 D4529 or D3338Octane RatingKnock value, lean mixtureDMotor Octane Number min 80.7 90.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Aviation Lean Rating min 80.0 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Kn
44、ock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 87 98 D909Performance numberE,F min 130.0 130.0 130.0 D909COMPOSITIONSulfur, mass % max 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 D1266 or D2622Tetraethyl leadG D3341 or D5059mL TEL/L max 0.13 0.53 0.43 0.53 1.06g Pb/L max 0.14 0.56 0.45 0.56 1.12Color red brown blue blue gre
45、en D2392Dye contentG , mg/LDye contentH , mg/LBlue dye max 0.2 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7Yellow dye max none none none none 2.8Red dye max 2.3 2.7 none none noneOrange dye max none 6.0 none none noneRequirements for All GradesVOLATILITYVapor pressure, 38C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5190or D5191HVapor pressure
46、, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323or D5191IDensity at 15C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Density at 15 C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Distillation, C D86Initial boiling point ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling poin
47、t max 170Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporatedtemperaturesmin 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5FLUIDITYFreezing point, C max 58I D2386Freezing point, C max 58J D2386CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100C max No. 1 D130Copper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130CONTAMINANTSOx
48、idation stability, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)J,KD873Oxidation stability, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)K,LD873Potential gum max 6Lead precipitate max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2OTHERElectrical conductivity, pS/m max 450L D2624Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450M D2624A For compliance of test resu
49、lts against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.B The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.C For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.D Both Motor Octane Number (MON) and Aviation Lean Mixture values shall be reported.E A performance number of 130.0 is equivalent to a knock value determined using iso-octane plus 0.34 mL TEL/L.F Knock ratings shall be reported
