1、Designation: D910 16D910 16a An American National StandardStandard Specification forLeaded Aviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulat
3、ing specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory forreciprocating aviation engines. Certain eq
4、uipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range ofcharacteristics than is shown by this specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
5、2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleu
6、m Products (Reid Method)D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replaced byD 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation Fuels by the Avia
7、tion Method; Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petrol
8、eum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replacedby D 2700 (Withdrawn 1968)3
9、D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate FuelsD2700
10、Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density
11、MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation Engi
12、ne Fuels.Current edition approved April 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2016. Published April 2016December 2016. Originally approved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous editionapproved in 20152016 as D910 15.D910 16. DOI: 10.1520/D0910-16.10.1520/D0910-16A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM web
13、site, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an
14、ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In
15、 all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4171 S
16、pecification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Met
17、hod for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods fo
18、r Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Defini
19、tions:3.1.1 aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocating sparkignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatility limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for which it is intended, andsui
20、tability for low temperature performance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 LLlow lead3.2.2 VLLvery low lead4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of aviation gasoline at the time and placeof delivery.5. Classification5.1 FiveFour grades of leaded aviati
21、on gasoline are provided, known as:Grade 80Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100Grade 100LLGrade 100VLLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane/performance numbers as measured by the now obsolete Test Method D614 (Discontinued1970). A table for converting octane/performance numbers obtained by Tes
22、t Method D2700 motor method into aviation ratings was last published inSpecification D91094 in the 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5.2 Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL represent aviation gasolines identical in minimum antiknock quality but differing inmaximum lead content and color. The c
23、olor identifies the difference for engines that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/98, 108/135 and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification. U.S. MilitarySpecification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (withdrawn March 22, 1988),
24、also covers grade 115/145 aviation gasoline, and is available as aresearch report.45.3 Although the grade designations show only a single octane rating for each grade, they shall meet a minimum lean mixturemotor rating and a minimum rich mixture supercharge rating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manuf
25、acture6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derivedfrom crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both.6.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to
26、 each grade of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified inthe following list of approved materials.6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of an antiknock mixture containing not less than 61 mass percent of tetraethyllead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide
27、 two bromine atoms per atom of lead. The balance shall contain no added4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1255.D910 16a2ingredients other than kerosine, an approved oxidation inhibitor, and blue dye, as specif
28、ied herein. The maximum concentrationlimit for each grade of gasoline is specified in Table 1.6.2.1.1 If mutually agreed upon by the fuel producer and additive vendor, tetraethyl lead antiknock mixture may be diluted with20 mass percent of a mixed aromatic solvent having a minimum flash point of 60
29、C according to Test Methods D93 when theproduct is to be handled in cold climates. The TEL content of the dilute product is reduced to 49 mass percent, so that the amountof antiknock additive must be adjusted to achieve the necessary lead level. The dilute product still delivers two bromine atoms pe
30、ratom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concentration limits in each grade of gasoline are specified in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only blue dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in the finished g
31、asoline shall be essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene (ColorIndex No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.2.2.4 The only orange dye that sha
32、ll be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially benzene-azo-2-napthol (ColorIndex No. 12055).6.3 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified in thefollowing list of approved materials.5 The quantities and types shall be de
33、clared by the manufacturer. Additives added after thepoint of manufacture shall also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors may be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) p
34、er litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols
35、 plus 25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butylphe-nols.6.3.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing I
36、nhibitor (FSII)One of the following may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May beused in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of iso
37、propyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratings below minimum specification values (see X1.2.4).66.3.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME), conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III).May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume percent when required by the air
38、craft owner/operator.6.3.2.3 Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.6.3.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4507 in concentrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel conductivitynecessitates retreatment with electrical conductivity ad
39、ditive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum cumulative level of5 mg/L of Stadis 450.6.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corrosion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations not toexceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed for each additive.DCI-4A M
40、AC = 24 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 15 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m37. Detailed Requirements7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform t
41、o the requirements prescribed in Table 1.5 Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting ResearchReport RR:D02-1125.6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and
42、 may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526.7 Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Octel America, Inc., Newark, DE 19702.D910 16a3TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Leaded Aviation GasolinesAGrade80Grade91100VLLGrade100VLLGrade100LLGrade100 ASTM TestPropertyCOMBUSTIONNet heat o
43、f combustion, MJ/kgCmin 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 D4529 orNet heat of combustion, MJ/kgCmin 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 D4529 or D3338Octane RatingKnock value, lean mixtureDMotor Octane Number min 80.7 90.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Motor Octane Number min 80.7 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Aviation Lean Rating min 80.0 91.
44、0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Aviation Lean Rating min 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Knock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 87 98 D909Octane number min 87 D909Performance numberE,F min 130.0 130.0 130.0 D909COMPOSITIONSulfur, mass percent max 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 D1266 orSulfur, mass percent max 0.
45、05 0.05 0.05 0.05 D1266 or D2622Tetraethyl leadGmL TEL/L min . . 0.27 0.27 0.27 D3341 orTEL, mL/L min . 0.27 0.27 0.27 D3341 or D5059max 0.13 0.53 0.430.531.06max 0.13 0.43 0.53 1.06g Pb/L min . . 0.28 0.28 0.28Pb, g/L min . 0.28 0.28 0.28max 0.14 0.56 0.45 0.56 1.12max 0.14 0.45 0.56 1.12Color red
46、brown blue blue green D2392Color red blue blue green D2392Dye contentH , mg/LBlue dye max 0.2 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7Blue dye max 0.2 2.7 2.7 2.7Yellow dye max none none none none 2.8Yellow dye max none none none 2.8Red dye max 2.3 2.7 none none noneRed dye max 2.3 none none noneOrange dye max none 6.0 none
47、nonenoneRequirements for All GradesVOLATILITYVapor pressure, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191IDensity at 15 C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Distillation, C D86Initial boiling point ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume percent at C max 7540 volume percent at C min 7550 volume percent at C max 10590 volu
48、me percent at C max 135Final boiling point max 170Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporatedtemperaturesmin 135Recovery volume percent min 97Residue volume percent max 1.5Loss volume percent max 1.5FLUIDITYFreezing point, C max 58J D2386CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130CONTAMINANTSOxidation stab
49、ility, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)K,LD873Potential gum max 6Lead precipitate max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2OTHERElectrical conductivity, pS/m max 450M D2624A For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.B The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.D910 16a47.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance shall bemade for the precision of the test methods. To determine the conformance to the specification requ
