1、Designation: D910 17D910 17a An American National StandardStandard Specification forLeaded Aviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulat
3、ing specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory forreciprocating aviation engines. Certain eq
4、uipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range ofcharacteristics than is shown by this specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was develo
5、ped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Document
6、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor
7、Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replaced byD 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviati
8、on Fuels by the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method
9、for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor Fuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method; Replacedby D 27
10、00 (Withdrawn 1968)3D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Di
11、stillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Avi
12、ation Engine Fuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2017Oct. 1, 2017. Published May 2017November 2017. Originally approved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous editionapproved in 20162017 as D910 16a.17. DOI: 10.1520/D0910-17.10.1520/D0910-17A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM w
13、ebsite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not a
14、n ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate.
15、In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3338
16、 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Pro
17、ductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4
18、809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Tes
19、t Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD6469 Guide
20、for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocati
21、ng sparkignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatility limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for which it is intended, andsuitability for low temperature performance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 LLlow lead3.2.2 VLLvery low lead4. General4.1 This specific
22、ation, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of aviation gasoline at the time and placeof delivery.5. Classification5.1 Four grades of leaded aviation gasoline are provided, known as:Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100LLGrade 100VLLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane
23、/performance numbers as measured by the now obsolete Test Method D614 (Discontinued1970). A table for converting octane/performance numbers obtained by Test Method D2700 motor method into aviation ratings was last published inSpecification D91094 in the 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
24、5.2 Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL represent aviation gasolines identical in minimum antiknock quality but differing inmaximum lead content and color. The color identifies the difference for engines that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/98, 108/135,
25、 and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification. U.S. MilitarySpecification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (withdrawn March 22, 1988), also covers grade 115/145 aviation gasoline, and is available as aresearch report.4 Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grade 80 appeared in
26、 the 2016 version of this specification.5.3 Although the grade designations show only a single octane rating for each grade, they shall meet a minimum lean mixturemotor rating and a minimum rich mixture supercharge rating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as othe
27、rwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derivedfrom crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both.4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obta
28、ined by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1255.D910 17a26.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to each grade of aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified inthe following list of approved materials.6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of an antiknock mixture contai
29、ning not less than 61 mass percent of tetraethyllead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromine atoms per atom of lead. The balance shall contain no addedingredients other than kerosine, an approved oxidation inhibitor, and blue dye, as specified herein. The maximum concentrationlimit
30、for each grade of gasoline is specified in Table 1.6.2.1.1 If mutually agreed upon by the fuel producer and additive vendor, tetraethyl lead antiknock mixture may be diluted with20 mass percent of a mixed aromatic solvent having a minimum flash point of 60 C according to Test Methods D93 when thepro
31、duct is to be handled in cold climates. The TEL content of the dilute product is reduced to 49 mass percent, so that the amountof antiknock additive must be adjusted to achieve the necessary lead level. The dilute product still delivers two bromine atoms peratom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concent
32、ration limits in each grade of gasoline are specified in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only blue dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially p-diethylamino
33、azobenzene (ColorIndex No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finished gasoline shall be essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.3 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of aviation gasoline in the amoun
34、t and of the composition specified in thefollowing list of approved materials.5 The quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives added after thepoint of manufacture shall also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors may be added to the gasoline separ
35、ately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphe
36、nol plus 25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butylphe-nols.6.3.1.7 N
37、,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the following may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May beused in concen
38、trations recommended by the aircraft manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratings below minimum specification values (see X1.2.4).66.3.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME), conforming to the requirements of
39、Specification D4171 (Type III).May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume percent when required by the aircraft owner/operator.6.3.2.3 Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.6.3.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4507 in concentratio
40、ns up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel conductivitynecessitates retreatment with electrical conductivity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum cumulative level of5 mg/L of Stadis 450.6.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corrosion inhibitors may be added to the
41、 gasoline in concentrations not toexceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 24 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 15 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3
42、TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m35 Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting ResearchReport RR:D02-1125.6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headqu
43、arters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526.7 Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Octel America, Inc., Newark, DE 19702.D910 17a3TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Leaded Aviation GasolinesAGrade91Grade100VLLGrade100LLGrade100ASTM TestMethodBPropertyCOMBUSTIONNet hea
44、t of combustion, MJ/kgCmin 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 D4529 or D3338Octane RatingKnock value, lean mixtureDMotor Octane Number min 90.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Aviation Lean Rating min 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Knock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 98 D909Performance numberE,F min 130.0 130.0 130.0 D909
45、COMPOSITIONSulfur, mass percent max 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 D1266 or D2622Sulfur, mass percent max 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 D1266 , D2622, orD5453Tetraethyl leadGTEL, mL/L min 0.27 0.27 0.27 D3341 or D5059max 0.53 0.43 0.53 1.06Pb, g/L min 0.28 0.28 0.28max 0.56 0.45 0.56 1.12Color brown blue blue green D239
46、2Dye contentH , mg/LBlue dye max 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7Yellow dye max none none none 2.8Red dye max 2.7 none none noneOrange dye max 6.0 none none noneRequirements for All GradesVOLATILITYVapor pressure, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191IDensity at 15 C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Distillation, C D86In
47、itial boiling point ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume percent at C max 7540 volume percent at C min 7550 volume percent at C max 10590 volume percent at C max 135Final boiling point max 170Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporatedtemperaturesmin 135Recovery volume percent min 97Residue volume percent max 1.5Loss v
48、olume percent max 1.5FLUIDITYFreezing point, C max 58J D2386CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130CONTAMINANTSOxidation stability, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)K,LD873Potential gum max 6Lead precipitate max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2OTHERElectrical conductivity, pS/m max 450M D2
49、624A For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.B The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.C For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.D Both Motor Octane Number (MON) and Aviation Lean Mixture values shall be reported.E A performance number of 130.0 is equivalent to a knock value determined using iso-octane plus 0.34 mL TEL/L.F Knock ra
