1、Designation: D 933 84 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forReporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 933; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the manner in which the results ofexamination and analysis for inorganic cons
3、tituents of depositsformed from waters are to be reported.1.2 While various practices of reporting the analysis ofwater-formed deposits are in use, this practice is intended as arational and comprehensive practice for general application.For use in specific industries or individual cases, molecularc
4、ombinations may be useful and desirable.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations
5、 prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed DepositsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used
6、in this prac-tice reference should be made to Terminology D 1129.4. Significance and Use4.1 The results are used to characterize the scale formed andused to evaluate the quality of water used in the unit.Characterizing the scale will assist in the design of the watertreatment process to avoid furthe
7、r scale buildup. The use ofmodern up-to-date chemical detection units will increase theusefulness of the practice.5. History of Sample5.1 Information regarding the source and history of thesample shall be included in the report of the analysis. Thisinformation should be that specified in Practices D
8、 887,asfollows:5.1.1 Name of individual or company supplying sample,5.1.2 Geographic origin of sample,5.1.3 Date and time of sampling,5.1.4 Number of sample,5.1.5 Name and other designation of equipment from whichsample was removed,5.1.6 Precise location from which sample was removed (forexample, ex
9、actly what turbine blade),5.1.7 Appearance and extent of deposit prior to removal,5.1.8 Type of depositwhether scale, sludge, biologicaldeposit, or corrosion product as defined in Practices D 887,5.1.9 Exact method that was used in removing the sampleand notes concerning any contamination that might
10、 haveoccurred during the process,5.1.10 Operating temperature and pressure of liquid orvapor in the equipment that contained the deposit,5.1.11 Type of treatment applied to the water that formedthe deposit or to the water that furnished steam to the affectedzone,5.1.12 An account of discrepancies in
11、 operating conditionthat may have contributed to deposition (for example, waterstarving),5.1.13 Results of field tests made on the sample or relatedequipment, and5.1.14 Signature of sampler.6. Physical Characteristics6.1 The report shall include a description of the physicalcharacteristics of the sa
12、mple, including any peculiarities thatmay be pertinent in its further examination.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water andWater-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Proc
13、ess Use,On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 933 84 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
14、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 Characteristics such as the followi
15、ng may be recorded:color, form, (scaly, slimy, drusy, etc.), texture (oily, smooth,friable, gritty, etc.), hardness, magnetic properties (as deter-mined by test with magnet), and structure (amorphous, crys-talline, columnar crystals).7. Completeness and Accuracy of Analysis7.1 The determinations to
16、be reported in a complete analysisshall be those listed in Table 1. For many practical purposes, aless complete analysis will suffice. In other instances thelocation or nature of the deposit or a knowledge of thecomposition of the equipment affected will suggest the need fordeterminations in additio
17、n to those listed.7.2 The completeness and accuracy of the analysis shouldbe carefully appraised before reporting. In a complete analysis,the summation of all determinations under oxides, acid radi-cals, ether-extractable matter, carbonaceous matter, and com-bined water shall total 100 6 2%.7.3 A su
18、mmation in excess of 102 % indicates a positiveerror in one or more of the determinations (or the calculation ofa metal or element as an oxide, or the calculation of a loweroxide as a higher oxide). The converse may be indicated whenthe summation is below 98 %, or it may be due to the presenceof a s
19、ubstance not identified and not determined.8. Reporting of Chemical Analysis8.1 All data, except water, shall be reported as percentageby weight of the dry sample. Water shall be reported on theas-received basis.8.2 For convenience in calculation, values for oxides, acidanhydrides, and combined wate
20、r may also be expressed on abasis of chemical equivalents. Values for relative equivalentsare obtained by dividing each value of percentage by weight bythe equivalent weight of the respective oxide, acid radical, orwater.8.3 Quantitative determinations shall be reported to thenearest 0.1 % (8.4). Wh
21、en a quantitative determination is madeand a negative result is obtained, it shall be reported as “0.0”with a notation as to the amount of sample used and the methodof determination. When a determination has been omitted, butthe heading of the determination is carried in a tabulation withdeterminati
22、ons of other samples, the absence of a determina-tion for any other specific sample shall be indicated by an entry“no determination” or by a dash. The terms, “nil,”“ none,” and“trace” shall not be used. If the qualitative determination showspresence, and a quantitative determination shows absence, t
23、heitem shall be reported as “less than 0.1” with a notation thatthis is a qualitative estimation.8.4 In so far as applicable, Practice E29shall be followed inexpressing numerical results.9. Reporting Results of X-ray Diffraction andPetrographic Examination9.1 All constituents identified by X-ray dif
24、fraction or petro-graphic examination shall be reported according to the follow-ing rules:9.1.1 Silicon CompoundsReport all compounds contain-ing silicon, except the simple alkali silicates, by their trivialname and combined-oxide formula. Example: acmite,Na2OFe2O34SiO2.9.1.2 Polymorphous CompoundsR
25、eport compounds hav-ing more than one crystal form by their trivial name andchemical formula. Examples: calcite, bCaCO3and argonite,gCaCO3.9.1.3 Multiple SaltsReport multiple salts by their trivialname and combined-compound formula. Examples: burkeite,Na2CO32Na2SO4, and malachite, CuCO3Cu(OH)2.9.1.4
26、 Other CompoundsReport compounds not coveredby the above rules by their chemical name and chemicalformula. Example: sodium chloride, NaCl.9.1.5 Controversial CompoundsReport compoundswhose nomenclature is in controversy in accordance with thelatest revision of the Powder Diffraction File,3subject to
27、conformance with rules (9.1.1-9.1.4).9.1.6 If a compound can be reported by several rules, therule first listed that covers that compound must prevail.9.1.7 Free elements must be considered as compounds inapplying the above rules.3This Card Index File may be purchased from the International Centre f
28、orDiffraction Data, 12 Campus Boulevard, Newtown Square, PA 19073.TABLE 1 Constituents of Water-Formed Deposits to BeReportedOxides:AAcid Anhydrides:BIron oxide,CFe2O3Carbonate, CO2Alumina,DAl2O3Chloride, ClCalcium oxide, CaO Nitrate, N2O5Magnesium oxide, MgO Sulfate, SO3Sodium oxide,ENa2O Sulfite,
29、SO2Potassium oxide,EK2O Sulfide,FSCopper oxide, CuO Phosphate, P2O5Zinc oxide, ZnO Silica, SiO2Lead oxide, PbO Miscellaneous:Titanium oxide, TiO2Ammonia (reported as NH3)Nickel oxide, NiO Water-soluble matterChromium oxide, Cr2O3Ether-extractable matter (oil)Tin oxide, SnO2Carbonaceous matterGCombin
30、ed waterMoistureTotal weight of sample (wheresignificant)AExpression of analytical results in terms of oxides is an arbitrary proceduresanctioned by long usage and general convenience. Adherence to this conventiondoes not imply that any of the oxides necessarily are present in the sample assuch, alt
31、hough this may actually be the case with respect to such items as ironoxide and silica. A metal oxide shall be reported in the form listed in Table I unlessthe form present has been otherwise identified.Any metal definitely identified to bepresent in the sample in the metallic form shall be reported
32、 as such.BOrganic acid radicals of soaps shall be reported as the anhydride of oleic acid(C13H33O2), unless the specific acid has been identified.CWhen iron oxides other than Fe2O3are known to be present (Fe3O4and FeO),but determination of the separate oxide forms is considered not to be essential,r
33、eport as “Iron oxides as Fe2O3.”DIf alumina is not separated from iron oxide in the analytical procedure, reportas “Iron and aluminum oxides as Fe2O3.”EIf sodium and potassium are not separated, report as “Sodium and potassiumoxides as Na2O.”FElementary sulfur shall be reported as S.GGraphite or oth
34、er forms of carbon shall be reported as C.D 933 84 (2007)29.1.8 If the compound does not have a trivial name and therule calls for a trivial name, the chemical name must be used.9.1.9 The Greek letter and Roman numeral conventionsalready adopted in the literature must be accepted as standard.10. Rep
35、orting Results of Spectrochemical Analysis10.1 Results of spectrochemical analysis shall be reported interms of elements present.10.2 The elements may be grouped as major, minor, andtrace constituents, with due regard for variation in the sensi-tivity of the method for the various elements reported.
36、 Asatisfactory grouping in terms of percentage of the elementpresent is as follows:Amount of ElementPresent, %Major over 5Minor 0.5 to 5Trace under 0.5While the identification of elements is positive, quantitativemeasurements are only approximations.11. Keywords11.1 crystallographic examination; dep
37、osits; metal oxides;scale; spectrochemical analysisASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent righ
38、ts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
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40、you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 933 84 (2007)3
