1、Designation: D 999 07Standard Test Methods forVibration Testing of Shipping Containers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover vibration tests of filled ship-ping containers. Such tests may be used to assess the perfor-mance of a container, wit
3、h its interior packing and means ofclosure, both in terms of its strength and of the protection itprovides its contents when it is subjected to vibration such asit experiences in transportation. These procedures are suitablefor testing containers of any form, material, kind, design ofinterior packin
4、g, means of closure, and any size and weight.They are not intended for determining the response of productsto vibration for product design purposes, nor are they intendedfor tests of products in their operational configuration as othermore suitable procedures are available for these purposes.2,31.2
5、The following methods appear:Method A1Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion).Method A2Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion).Method BSingle Container Resonance Test.Method CPalletized Load, Unitized Load, or VerticalStack Resonance Test.1.3 These test methods fulfill the requirements of Interna-tion
6、al Organization for Standardization standards ISO 8318and ISO 2247. The ISO standards may not meet the require-ments for these methods.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to est
7、ablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3580 Test Metho
8、ds forVibration (Vertical Linear Motion)Test of ProductsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerabl
9、e Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 2247 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackagesVibration Test at Fixed Low Frequency5ISO 8318 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackagesVibration Tests Using a Variable Frequency53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor defi
10、nitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminology D 996.3.1.1 double amplitude, nthe maximum value of a sinu-soidal quantity (peak-to-peak).3.1.2 octave, nthe interval between two frequencies hav-ing a ratio of two (2).3.1.3 power spectral density (PSD), nused to quantify theintensity of r
11、andom vibration in terms of mean-square accel-eration per unit of frequency. The units are g2/Hz (m/s2)2/Hz),where g is the acceleration of gravity, equal to 386 in./s2(9.8m/s2). Power spectral density is the limiting mean square valuein a given rectangular bandwidth divided by the bandwidth, asthe
12、bandwidth approaches zero.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on PhysicalTest Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last previous edition
13、 approved in 2001 as D 999 01.2Military Standard Environmental Test Methods, MIL-STD-810F, Method 514,Vibration, available from www.dodssp.daps.mil/dodssp.htm.3International Electrotechnical Commission Recommendation, Publication 68-2-6, Part 2, Test F: Vibration, Basic Environmental Testing Procedu
14、res forElectronic Components and Electrical Equipment, available from American Na-tional Standards Institute, Inc., 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
15、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 repetitive shock, nimpacts of a package on a testplatform which occur cyclically from input oscillatory motion.3.1.5 resonance, nfor a system undergoing forced vibra-tion, the frequency at which any change of the excitingfrequency, positive and negati
17、ve, in the vicinity of the excitingfrequency causes a decrease in the response of the system.4. Significance and Use4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamicstresses when subjected to vibration present in all transporta-tion vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack ofdamage, e
18、xperienced in shipping may require subjecting thecontainer(s) and contents to vibration inputs.4.2 Resonant responses during shipment can be severe andmay lead to package or product failure. Identification of criticalfrequencies, and the nature of package stresses can aid inminimizing the effect of
19、these occurrences.4.3 Vibration tests should be based on representative fielddata. When possible, the confidence level may be improved bycomparing laboratory test results with actual field shipmentdata.4.4 Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container,its interior packaging, means of closu
20、re, and contents. Thesetests allow analysis of the interaction of these components.Design modification to one or more of these components maybe utilized to achieve optimum performance in the shippingenvironment.4.5 Methods A1 and A2, Repetitive Shock Tests, are suitablefor tests of individual contai
21、ners that are transported unre-strained on the bed of a vehicle and may be suitable for tests ofcontainers that might be subjected to repetitive shocks due tomagnification of vibrations in unit loads or stacks.NOTE 1Methods A1 and A2 produce different vibration motions, andtherefore, will generate d
22、ifferent forces which may result in differentdamage modes and intensities. Results from these two methods may notcorrelate with one another.NOTE 2This test procedure is not intended for testing shippingcontainers at a frequency that causes the container to go into resonance.4.6 Method B, Single Cont
23、ainer Resonance Test, tests ordetermines the ability of an individual container and its interiorpackaging to protect the contents from transportation vibration,particularly when the container and its contents might exhibitresonant responses.NOTE 3Individual products that are palletized might be bett
24、er testedusing Method C.4.7 Method C, Palletized Load, Unitized Load or VerticalStack Resonance Test, covers the determination of the presenceand the effects of resonance in palletized loads and multiple-unit stacked loads, and whether or not the strength of thecontainers is sufficient to withstand
25、dynamic loads whenstacked.4.8 Any or all of these test methods may be employed, asdetermined by the appropriate performance specification, withtest intensities, frequency ranges, and test durations as calledfor in the specification.Although these tests do not simulate theshipping environment, they a
26、re intended to create the damage-producing potential of the shipping environment. Results ofany one of these methods may differ from the results of theothers.5. Apparatus5.1 Method A1Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion):5.1.1 Vibration Test Machine, with a platform having ahorizontal surface of s
27、ufficient strength and rigidity so that theapplied vibrations are essentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with the test specimen. The platform shallbe supported by a mechanism that vibrates it so the motion isapproximately a vertical sinusoidal input. (A rotary motion ofthe platf
28、orm is not acceptable.) The double amplitude displace-ment of the vibration shall be fixed at or controlled to 1 in. (25mm), and the frequency shall be variable within the range from2 to at least 5 Hz (cycles per second). The vibration testmachine shall be equipped with fences, barricades, or otherr
29、estraints to keep the test specimen from falling off theplatform without restricting its vertical motion.5.2 Method A2Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion):5.2.1 Vibration Test Machine, with a platform having ahorizontal surface of sufficient strength and rigidity so that theapplied vibrations are e
30、ssentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with the test specimen. The platform shallbe supported by a mechanism that vibrates it so that the motionis a rotational input with the vertical component approximatelysinusoidal. The double amplitude displacement of the vibrationshall be fi
31、xed at 1 in. (25 mm), and frequency shall be variablefrom 2 to at least 5 Hz (cycles per second). The vibration testmachine shall be equipped with fences, barricades, or otherrestraints to keep the test specimen from falling off theplatform without restricting its vertical motion.5.3 Metal Shim:5.3.
32、1 A metal shim is used in Methods A1 and A2 fordetermining when the shipping container is leaving the testingplatform by a sufficient amount as described in Section 9.5.3.2 Specifications for metal shim used in MethodsA1 andA2:Width: 50 mm (20. in.) minimumThickness: 1.6 mm (116 in.)Length: 254 mm (
33、10 in.) minimum5.4 Methods B and CResonance Tests:5.4.1 Vibration Test Machine, with a platform having ahorizontal surface of sufficient strength and rigidity so that theapplied vibrations are essentially uniform over the entire testsurface when loaded with the test specimen. The platform shallbe su
34、pported by a mechanism capable of producing vibration inthe vertical linear plane at controlled accelerations or displace-ments, or both, over a controlled continuously variable range offrequencies. (A rotary motion of the platform is not accept-able.) Suitable fixtures and attachment points shall b
35、e providedto rigidly attach the test container to the platform for MethodB. Restraints shall be provided to restrain the horizontal motionof the test specimens on the platform without restricting thevertical motion of the specimen(s), for Method C.5.5 InstrumentationAccelerometers, signal conditione
36、rs,and data display or storage devices are required to measure andcontrol the accelerations at the test surface in Methods B andC. Instrumentation may also be desirable for monitoring theD999072response of the containers and packaged items. The instrumen-tation system shall have a response accurate
37、to within 65%over the range specified for the test. Accelerometers should besmall and light weight enough as to not influence the responseof the item being measured nor influence the results of the test.Detailed information on suitable instrumentation may be foundin the Shock and Vibration Handbook.
38、65.6 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditioning test specimens at selected humidityand temperature prior to or during the test, or both, inaccordance with the requirements of the applicable specifica-tion.6. Safety Precautions6.1 These test methods may produce severe
39、 mechanicalresponses of the test specimens. Therefore, fences, barricades,and other restraints must have sufficient strength and must beadequately secured. Operating personnel must remain alert topotential hazards and take necessary precautions for theirsafety. Stop the test immediately if a dangero
40、us conditionshould develop. For example, causing the container to go intoresonance during testing may result in uncontrollable respon-sive bouncing. This may also lead to a dangerous situation,over-testing, or premature failures and potential safety issues totesting personnel and equipment.7. Test S
41、pecimens7.1 The test specimen shall consist of the container, asintended for shipment, loaded with the interior packaging andthe actual contents for which it was designed. Blemished orrejected products may be used, if the defect is recorded prior tothe test. Dummy test items should be used for devel
42、opmentaltesting when necessary, but may not be used for final accep-tance testing.NOTE 4Surrogate material may be used when actual product isunacceptable for use (for example, package testing for hazardous materi-als). For packaging intended to contain liquid dangerous goods (hazardousmaterials), wa
43、ter should be used as the standard test medium.7.2 Sensors and transducers may be applied with the mini-mum possible alteration of the test specimen, to obtain data onthe container or packaged item.When it is necessary to observethe contents during the test, holes may be cut in noncriticalareas of t
44、he container.7.3 Whenever sufficient containers and contents are avail-able, it is highly desirable that five or more replicate tests beconducted to improve the statistical reliability of the dataobtained (see Practice E 122).8. Conditioning8.1 Condition test specimens prior to the test or during th
45、etest, or both, in accordance with the requirements of theapplicable specification. When no conditioning requirementsare given, and the container materials are climatically sensitive,a conditioning atmosphere is recommended (see PracticeD 4332 for standard and special conditions).9. Procedure9.1 Met
46、hods A1 and A2Repetitive Shock Tests:9.1.1 Place the shipping container on the test machineplatform in its normal shipping orientation.9.1.1.1 For Method A1, place the shipping container in thecenter of the platform. For Method A2, place the shippingcontainer near the backstop or fence, equidistant
47、from eachside of the platform.9.1.1.2 Restraining devices may be needed to prevent theshipping container from moving horizontally or to preventexcessive rocking. Restraining devices may effect the verticalmovement of the shipping container and attention must begiven to how and where restraints are u
48、sed.9.1.1.3 When restraining devices are used, orient and adjustthe restraining devices to allow free horizontal movement ofthe shipping container without restricting the vertical move-ment. There should be no severe horizontal impacting ofcontainers against restraints.9.1.2 Start the vibration of t
49、he platform at a frequency ofabout 2 Hz, and steadily increase the frequency until the metalshim can be inserted under one long edge of the container andmoved intermittently along the entire length of the container.When inserted, the shim must be flat, not at an angle.9.1.2.1 The shim must be inserted a minimum of 100 mm (4in.) under the shipping container when determining the propertest frequency.9.1.2.2 The shim must be capable of being inserted betweenthe shipping container and test platform throughout the dura-tion of the test. Adjustments to the test fr
