1、Designation: D 2394 05e1Standard Test Methods forSimulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base FinishFlooring1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial corrections were made in Section 32 and Section 33 in March 2008.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures
3、 for measuring theperformance of finish flooring under the following serviceloadings and conditions:SectionLoading TestsConcentrated Loading 7Floor Surface Indentation from Small Area Loads 12Falling-Ball Indentation 18Rolling Load 23Mechanical TestsAbrasion Resistance 28Coefficient of Friction 33Mo
4、isture TestsSurface Wetting 382. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1037 Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel MaterialsE72 Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panelsfor Building Construction3. Significance and Use3.1 The test methods presented
5、herein are intended toprovide both a factual and comparative means of appraising thesuitability of finish flooring. The procedures developed simu-late some conditions of use that may require either mainte-nance beyond that considered normal or replacement of thefloor surface material.3.2 It is impor
6、tant for some of the evaluations that thesubstrate to be used beneath the finish flooring be duplicatedbecause the type and degree of support will have a directinfluence on the value obtained from test. For example, in somepresent-day construction, low-density materials are used forsound-deadening i
7、mmediately below the finish flooring. Theway this substrate distributes loading and absorbs energy willhave an influence on evaluations such as those in rolling andconcentrated loads.3.3 The test methods presented herein may be used tocompare different finish floorings as to their resistance tosever
8、e and ordinary service loads and also may serve as themeans to set specification limits. The properties obtained bythese test methods are needed in addition to such basic materialproperties as stiffness, strength, hardness, and dimensionalstability.3.4 Not all test may be required for any specific i
9、nvestiga-tion. There may be an interrelation between two tests, andwhen it has been demonstrated what the interrelation is, acomplete evaluation will only be required as a final stage of astudy. In each instance, therefore, it will be necessary todetermine which evaluations should be made to fulfill
10、 theobjectives.4. Test Specimens4.1 The number of specimens to be chosen for test and themethod of their selection depend on the variability of the finishflooring material and on the purpose of the particular testsunder consideration, so no general rule can be given to coverall instances. It is reco
11、mmended that, whenever possible,sufficient replications be made to establish reliable meanvalues. Even for the most simple evaluation, a replication ofthree tests for each property is recommended.5. Control of Moisture Content and Temperature5.1 Wood and wood-base materials are hygroscopic. Themoist
12、ure content at time of test will influence values obtainedfrom tests. Therefore, material for test shall be conditioned toessentially constant weight at a condition of 65 6 1 % relativehumidity and a temperature of 68 6 6F (20 6 3C) (Note 1and Note 2). If there is any departure from this recommended
13、condition, it shall be so stated in the report. No tests shall bemade on any material when it is not essentially stable inmoisture content.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 onWood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on FundamentalTest Methods a
14、nd Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 2394 83 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
15、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1In following the recommendation that the temperature becontrolled to 68 6 6F
16、 (20 6 3C) it should be understood that it isdesirable to maintain the temperature as nearly constant as possible atsome temperature within this range.NOTE 2Requirements for temperature and relative humidity vary fordifferent materials and different conditions of use. The condition abovemeets the st
17、andard condition for wood and wood-base materials, and forfinish flooring represents the near-maximum seasonal condition for mostlocations. The amount of damage from the various loadings is usuallygreater at higher moisture contents than at lower ones.6. Report6.1 The data recorded shall include, in
18、 addition to the actualtest results and data required specifically from each test, acomplete description of the material, sampling procedure, andrecord of any special treatment or conditioning of the flooringmaterial. Any special details concerning the material under testthat may have a bearing on t
19、he results shall also be recorded.CONCENTRATED LOADING7. Scope7.1 Specimens shall be subjected to the concentrated load-ing test to obtain a measure of the resistance of the finishflooring to heavy loads produced by such articles of furnitureas chests and pianos. This test procedure uses the sameequ
20、ipment and is essentially the same as the one described inTest Methods E72.8. Test Specimen8.1 The size of the test specimen will depend on the size ofcomponents making up the finish flooring, but should be atleast 18 in. (457 mm) square. When the finish flooring isprefabricated in parquet or tile f
21、orm, the specimen shall consistof at least four such tiles attached to an underlayment, subfloor,or other substrate, using the same construction and techniqueas will be used in the finished construction. When the flooringis manufactured in strip form, the flooring shall be laid incourses over the su
22、bfloor and substrate so that end joints occurin the same manner as in actual construction. At least two suchend joints shall occur near midwidth in the center one-half ofthe specimen. Fig. 1 shows the orientation for typical speci-mens using square and strip configurations of flooring.9. Apparatus9.
23、1 The apparatus shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 2 andshall conform in the requirements for component parts asdescribed in 9.1.1-9.1.4.9.1.1 Steel Disk Loading ToolThe steel disk loading toolshall be 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter with the circumference ofthe end rounded to a radius of 0.05 in. (1.3 m
24、m). The loadingtool shall be provided with a collar to engage the movable tipof the micrometer dial for measuring deformation under load,and shall be fabricated with a means of fastening it to the platenof the testing machine or loading device.9.1.2 Deformation GageThe deformation gage shall con-sis
25、t of a dial micrometer mounted on the three-point supportedbridge. The dial micrometer shall be of the kind with divisionsof 0.001 in. (0.025 mm). The bridge shall be of sufficient lengthso that the distance between the single-point support and a linebetween the pair of point supports is at least 12
26、 in. (305 mm).The bridge support shall have a slot in the center of its span ofsufficient opening to clear the loading tool to permit placing themicrometer directly adjacent to the disk loading tool with thestem end in contact with the collar.9.1.3 Loading DeviceAtesting machine with a platen areasu
27、fficiently large to accommodate the 18-in. (457-mm) squareor other suitable loading device convenient for loading andmeasuring the amount of loading to 1000 lb (or 4.45 kN) at theprescribed rate shall be provided.9.1.4 An indentation measuring tool, as required for thefalling-ball indentation test (
28、see 20.1.4) shall be provided fordetermining the residual indentation from the loading to 1000lb (4.45 kN) 1 h after removal of load.10. Procedure10.1 Loading PointsLoad points 1 and 2, for both squareor rectangular parquet or tile form finish flooring, are illus-trated in Fig. 1. Load point 1 for t
29、he tile form of flooring is nearthe corner, so that deformation under load at a corner can bedetermined. Load point 2 is provided to obtain an index ofresistance to concentrated load at a point where the finishflooring can distribute the load because of its inherent stiffness.Load point 2 should be
30、at the approximate center of the tilearea, and when using a 12-in. (305-mm) deformation bridge,the bridge can be placed along the diagonal. Load point 1 forstrip flooring is to simulate the loading condition possible whenthe concentrated load comes at or near an end joint. Load point2 simulates the
31、condition that exists when loading is on acontinuous strip of flooring but there is a joint in the adjacentcourse of flooring. When strip flooring is less than 2 in. (51mm) wide, the point of load 2 shall be centered on the strip. Forother configurations of finish flooring, load point 1 shouldcorres
32、pond to the one producing maximum deformation underload and point 2 the more average condition. In each instance,the 1-in. (25-mm) diameter loading disk shall be centered overthe dimensioned point.10.2 LoadingApply the load continuously at a uniformrate of movement of the loading tool of 0.10 in. (2
33、.5 mm)/min.Make at least ten simultaneous measurements of load anddeformation between zero load and 1000 lb (4.45 kN) (Note 4).After the load of 1000 lb (4.45 kN) has been applied, it shall beNOTEOne in. equals 25.4 mm.FIG. 1 Layout of Specimens for Concentrated Load TestD239405e12removed immediatel
34、y so that residual deformation can bedetermined. Record any observed behavior of either the finishflooring or the substrate during test.NOTE 3The testing machine speed used shall not vary by more than650 % from that specified for a given test. The testing machine speedshall mean the free-running, or
35、 no load, crosshead speed for testingmachines of the mechanical-drive type and the loaded crosshead speed fortesting machines of the hydraulic-loading type.NOTE 4For some evaluations of finish flooring where possible use isin commercial buildings, concentrated load evaluations may be desirablefor lo
36、ads greater than 1000 lb (4.45 kN). When this is so, the material shallbe loaded first as specified and then, after residual deformation has beenobtained, reloaded to the higher maximum load or failure.10.3 Residual DeformationOne h after the load has beenremoved, measure the depth of residual inden
37、tation to thenearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm), using the falling-ball indentationmeasuring tool described in 20.1.4.11. Report11.1 The report shall include typical load-deformationcurves for load points 1 and 2. Each deformation value for1000 lb (4.45 kN) loading, and residual after loading wasremoved, sh
38、all be presented. Any observations of behavior ofeither finish flooring or substrate or failures shall also bereported. Photographs showing nature of residual indentationafter loading will be beneficial and should be included.FLOOR SURFACE INDENTATIONFROM SMALL AREA LOADS12. Scope12.1 Specimens shal
39、l be subjected to the “indentation dam-age from small area load test” to obtain a measure of theresistance to sharp-edged small area loadings, such as womens“stiletto” heels, protruding nailheads on other shoes, andindentation damage from small, hard objects on the surfaceeither being stepped on or
40、indented into the floor from rollingloads. In some of these “point” loadings, unit stresses arealmost infinite. Some damage to the surface usually occurs.The purpose of this evaluation is to compare by observing thedamage from this kind of loading, new finish flooring systemswith those of establishe
41、d service performance, or two or morefloorings to determine which may have better service possi-bilities. Results obtained are qualitative rather than quantita-tive.13. Test Specimen13.1 The test specimen shall be a composite of the variousfloorings being evaluated. When the number of materials bein
42、gevaluated exceeds the number that can be fabricated in a singlespecimen, the different materials shall be distributed so that arepresentative number are included in each sample. Fig. 3shows the specimen in position for test and the apparatus usedfor imposing the concentrated loads on the specimen.
43、Speci-mens shall be approximately 9 in. (229 mm) wide and of anyconvenient length, so that the number of finish floorings beingevaluated can be accommodated. Specimens shall be fabricatedwith the same substrate and in the same manner as is to be usedin the application of the finished floor. When str
44、ip floorings arebeing evaluated, two sets of specimens shall be fabricated; onewith the long dimension of the pieces of flooring parallel to,and one with the long direction of the flooring across thedirection of movement of the studded roller. Cleats shall beprovided to prevent sliding of the specim
45、ens.14. Apparatus14.1 The apparatus shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 3and shall conform in the requirements for component parts asdescribed in 14.1.1-14.1.3.14.1.1 BaseThe base shall be a rigid supported unit thatwill not deflect measurably under the rolling load. The surfaceof the base shall be
46、slightly wider than the surface of thespecimen, as is shown in Fig. 3.14.1.2 RollerThe roller shall be a hard maple (or equiva-lent) cylinder 31316 in. (97 mm) in diameter and approximately18 in. (457 mm) long. The roller shall be studded with bootcaulks (approximately 0.15 in. (4 mm) in diameter an
47、dFIG. 2 Assembly for Concentrated Loading Test of Finish FlooringD239405e13projecting approximately 0.2 in. (5 mm), including collar, fromsurface of roller) 1 in. (25 mm) on center around the circum-ference for an 8-in. (203-mm) width. Alternate rows of studsshall be staggered. The ends of the rolle
48、r shall be provided witharms for rolling it along the specimen and, either throughtrunnions or an axle with bearings and straps, provide a meansfor attaching the superimposed load on the specimen.14.1.3 Superimposed LoadThe superimposed load shalltotal 200 lb (890 N). This shall be in addition to th
49、e weight ofroller, straps, and bearings and shall be divided equally on bothends of roller.15. Procedure15.1 Move the roller over the surface by rotation (forceapplied to arms) for 100 trips. A trip is defined as a single passfrom one end of the specimen to the other. Forward and backare two trips.16. Interpretation of Results16.1 At the end of 100 trips, the damage to the differentfinish flooring samples shall be compared. The amounts ofdamage shall be classified as none to minor, moderate, severe,and complete. The complete classification would be, in thejudgmen
