1、Designation: D2394 05 (Reapproved 2011)D2394 17Standard Test Methods forSimulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-BaseWood-Based Finish Flooring1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring the performance of finish flooring
3、 under the following service loadingsand conditions:SectionLoading TestsConcentrated Loading 7Floor Surface Indentation from Small Area Loads 12Falling-Ball Indentation 18Rolling Load 23Mechanical TestsAbrasion Resistance 28Coefficient of Friction 33Moisture TestsSurface Wetting 381.2 The values sta
4、ted in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、 use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles
6、 on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1037 Test Methods for Evaluating Prope
7、rties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel MaterialsE72 Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction3. Significance and Use3.1 The test methods presented herein are intended to provide both a factual and comparative means of appraising the suitabilityof finish floor
8、ing. The procedures developed simulate some conditions of use that may require either maintenance beyond thatconsidered normal or replacement of the floor surface material.3.2 It is important for some of the evaluations that the substrate to be used beneath the finish flooring be duplicated becauset
9、he type and degree of support will have a direct influence on the value obtained from test. For example, in some present-dayconstruction, low-density materials are used for sound-deadening immediately below the finish flooring. The way this substratedistributes loading and absorbs energy will have a
10、n influence on evaluations such as those in rolling and concentrated loads.3.3 The test methods presented herein may be used to compare different finish floorings as to their resistance to severe andordinary service loads and also may serve as the means to set specification limits. The properties ob
11、tained by these test methodsare needed in addition to such basic material properties as stiffness, strength, hardness, and dimensional stability.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D07 on Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test M
12、ethodsand Properties.Current edition approved March 1, 2011Aug. 1, 2017. Published March 2011August 2017. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asD2394 05.D2394 05 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/D2394-05R11.10.1520/D2394-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM websit
13、e, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an in
14、dication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be
15、 considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 Not all test mayAll tests may not be required for any specific investigation. There may be an interrelation between two tests,and when it has been d
16、emonstrated what the interrelation is, a complete evaluation willis only be required as a final stage of a study.In each instance, therefore, it will be is necessary to determine which evaluations shouldshall be made to fulfill the objectives.4. Test Specimens4.1 The number of specimens to be chosen
17、 for test and the method of their selection depend on the variability of the finishflooring material and on the purpose of the particular tests under consideration, so no general rule can be given to cover allinstances. It is recommended that, whenever possible, sufficient replications be made to es
18、tablish reliable mean values. Even forthe most simple evaluation, a replication of three tests for each property is recommended.5. Control of Moisture Content and Temperature5.1 Wood and wood-basewood-based materials are hygroscopic. The moisture content at time of test will influence valuesobtained
19、 from tests. Therefore, material for test shall be conditioned to essentially constant weight at a condition of 65 6 1 %5 %relative humidity and a temperature of 68 6 6F6 F (20 6 3C)3 C) (Note 1 and Note 2). If there is any departure from thisrecommended condition, it shall be so stated in the repor
20、t. No tests shall be made on any material when it is not essentially stablein moisture content.NOTE 1In following the recommendation that the temperature be controlled to 68 6 6F6 F (20 6 3C)3 C) it should be understood that it isdesirable to maintain the temperature as nearly constant as possible a
21、t some temperature within this range.NOTE 2Requirements for temperature and relative humidity vary for different materials and different conditions of use. The condition above meetsthe standard condition for wood and wood-basewood-based materials, and for finish flooring represents the near-maximum
22、seasonal condition for mostlocations. The amount of damage from the various loadings is usually greater at higher moisture contents than at lower ones.6. Report6.1 The data recorded shall include, in addition to the actual test results and data required specifically from each test, a completedescrip
23、tion of the material, sampling procedure, and record of any special treatment or conditioning of the flooring material. Anyspecial details concerning the material under test that may have a bearing on the results shall also be recorded.CONCENTRATED LOADING7. Scope7.1 Specimens shall be subjected to
24、the concentrated loading test to obtain a measure of the resistance of the finish flooring toheavy loads produced by such articles of furniture as chests and pianos. This test procedure uses the same equipment and isessentially the same as the one described in Test Methods E72.8. Test Specimen8.1 Th
25、e size of the test specimen will depend on the size of components making up the finish flooring, but shouldshall be atleast 18 in. (457 mm) square. When the finish flooring is prefabricated in parquet or tile form, the specimen shall consist of at leastfour such tiles attached to an underlayment, su
26、bfloor, or other substrate, using the same construction and technique as will be usedin the finished construction. When the flooring is manufactured in strip form, the flooring shall be laid in courses over the subfloorand substrate so that end joints occur in the same manner as in actual constructi
27、on. At least two such end joints shall occur nearmidwidth in the center one-half of the specimen. Fig. 1 shows the orientation for typical specimens using square and stripconfigurations of flooring.NOTE 1One in.inch equals 25.4 mm.FIG. 1 Layout of Specimens for Concentrated Load TestD2394 1729. Appa
28、ratus9.1 The apparatus shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 2 and shall conform in the requirements for component parts as describedin 9.1.1 9.1.4.9.1.1 Steel Disk Loading ToolThe steel disk loading tool shall be 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter with the circumference of the endrounded to a radius of 0.05 i
29、n. (1.3 mm). The loading tool shall be provided with a collar to engage the movable tip of themicrometer dial for measuring deformation under load, and shall be fabricated with a means of fastening it to the platen of thetesting machine or loading device.9.1.2 Deformation GageThe deformation gage sh
30、all consist of a dial micrometer mounted on the three-point supported bridge.The dial micrometer shall be of the kind with divisions of 0.001 in. (0.025 mm). The bridge shall be of sufficient length so thatthe distance between the single-point support and a line between the pair of point supports is
31、 at least 12 in. (305 mm). The bridgesupport shall have a slot in the center of its span of sufficient opening to clear the loading tool to permit placing the micrometerdirectly adjacent to the disk loading tool with the stem end in contact with the collar.9.1.3 Loading DeviceA testing machine with
32、a platen area sufficiently large to accommodate the 18-in. (457-mm) square orother suitable loading device convenient for loading and measuring the amount of loading to 1000 lb (or 4.45 kN) at the prescribedrate shall be provided.9.1.4 An indentation measuring tool, as required for the falling-ball
33、indentation test (see 20.1.4) shall be provided fordetermining the residual indentation from the loading to 1000 lb 1000 lb (4.45 kN) 1 h after removal of load.10. Procedure10.1 Loading PointsLoad points 1 and 2, for both square or rectangular parquet or tile form finish flooring, are illustrated in
34、Fig. 1. Load point 1 for the tile form of flooring is near the corner, so that deformation under load at a corner can be determined.Load point 2 is provided to obtain an index of resistance to concentrated load at a point where the finish flooring can distributethe load because of its inherent stiff
35、ness. Load point 2 shouldshall be at the approximate center of the tile area, and when usinga 12-in. (305-mm) deformation bridge, the bridge can be placed along the diagonal. Load point 1 for strip flooring is to simulatethe loading condition possible when the concentrated load comes at or near an e
36、nd joint. Load point 2 simulates the condition thatexists when loading is on a continuous strip of flooring but there is a joint in the adjacent course of flooring. When strip flooringis less than 2 in. (51 mm) (51 mm) wide, the point of load 2 shall be centered on the strip. For other configuration
37、s of finishflooring, load point 1 shouldshall correspond to the one producing maximum deformation under load and point 2 the more averagecondition. In each instance, the 1-in. (25-mm) diameter loading disk shall be centered over the dimensioned point.10.2 LoadingApply the load continuously at a unif
38、orm rate of movement of the loading tool of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm)/min.mm)/min (Note 3). Make at least ten simultaneous measurements of load and deformation between zero load and 1000 lb (4.45kN) (Note 4). After the load of 1000 lb (4.45 kN) has been applied, it shall be removed immediately so that resid
39、ual deformationcan be determined. Record any observed behavior of either the finish flooring or the substrate during test.NOTE 3The testing machine speed used shall not vary by more than 650 % from that specified for a given test. The testing machine speed shall meanthe free-running, or no load, cro
40、sshead speed for testing machines of the mechanical-drive type and the loaded crosshead speed for testing machines ofthe hydraulic-loading type.NOTE 4For some evaluations of finish flooring where possible use is in commercial buildings, concentrated load evaluations may be desirable forFIG. 2 Assemb
41、ly for Concentrated Loading Test of Finish FlooringD2394 173loads greater than 1000 lb (4.45 kN). When this is so, the material shall be loaded first as specified and then, after residual deformation has been obtained,reloaded to the higher maximum load or failure.10.3 Residual DeformationOne hhour
42、after the load has been removed, measure the depth of residual indentation to thenearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm), using the falling-ball indentation measuring tool described in 20.1.4.11. Report11.1 The report shall include typical load-deformation curves for load points 1 and 2. Each deformation value f
43、or 1000 lb (4.45kN) loading, and residual after loading was removed, shall be presented. Any observations of behavior of either finish flooring orsubstrate or failures shall also be reported. Photographs showing nature of residual indentation after loading will be beneficial andshould be included.NO
44、TE 5Photographs showing the nature of residual indentation after loading are beneficial.FLOOR SURFACE INDENTATIONFROM SMALLAREA LOADS12. Scope12.1 Specimens shall be subjected to the “indentation damage from small area load test” to obtain a measure of the resistanceto sharp-edged small area loading
45、s, such as womens “stiletto” heels, protruding nailheads stiletto heeled shoes, protruding nailheads on other shoes, and indentation damage from small, hard objects on the surface either being stepped on or indented into thefloor from rolling loads. In some of these “point” loadings, unit stresses a
46、re almost infinite. Some damage to the surface usuallyoccurs. The purpose of this evaluation is to compare by observing the damage from this kind of loading, new finish flooringsystems with those of established service performance, or two or more floorings to determine which may have better servicep
47、ossibilities. Results obtained are qualitative rather than quantitative.13. Test Specimen13.1 The test specimen shall be a composite of the various floorings being evaluated. When the number of materials beingevaluated exceeds the number that can be fabricated in a single specimen, the different mat
48、erials shall be distributed so that arepresentative number are included in each sample. Fig. 3 shows the specimen in position for test and the apparatus used forimposing the concentrated loads on the specimen. Specimens shall be approximately 9 in. (229 mm) wide and of any convenientlength, so that
49、the number of finish floorings being evaluated can be accommodated. Specimens shall be fabricated with the samesubstrate and in the same manner as is to be used in the application of the finished floor. When strip floorings are being evaluated,FIG. 3 Assembly for Tests of Floor-Surface Indentation from Small-Area Loads, Showing Loaded Maple Roller Studded with BootCaulks and Specimens Firmly Supported on Heavy BeamD2394 174two sets of specimens shall be fabricated; one with the long dimension of the pieces of flooring parallel to, and one with the lon
