1、Designation: D2399 12 (Reapproved 2017)1Standard Practice forSelection of Cutback Asphalts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2399; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection 1 was updated editorially in October 2017.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the selection of cutback asphalts ofthe slow, medium, and rapid
3、 curing types for various pavingand allied uses. Slow-curing cutback asphalts are also calledroad oils.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or English units areto be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used
4、 independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas r
5、equirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulat
6、ory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Orga
7、nization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2026 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-CuringType)D2027 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-CuringType)D2028 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-CuringType)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3
8、.1.1 bitumen-aggregate applicationsthe spraying of liq-uid bitumen on prepared aggregate or pavement surfaces,which subsequently are covered with graded aggregate.3.1.2 bitumen-aggregate mixturea combination of bitumi-nous material and aggregate that is physically mixed bymechanical and thermal mean
9、s, spread on the job site, andcompacted.3.1.3 bitumen applicationsthe uses of sprayed bituminouscoatings not involving the use of aggregates. Uses of liquidbitumen in this group are all classed as treatments. (See surfacetreatments.)3.1.4 cold-laid plant mixa mixture of liquid bitumen andmineral agg
10、regate prepared in a central bituminous mixingplant and spread and compacted at the job site when themixture is at or near ambient temperature.3.1.5 dense-graded aggregateaggregate that is gradedfrom the maximum size down to filler with the object ofobtaining a bituminous mix with a controlled void
11、content andhigh stability.3.1.6 dust bindera light application of bituminous mate-rial for the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.3.1.7 mixed-in-place (road mix)a bituminous course pro-duced by mixing mineral aggregate and liquid bitumen at thejob site by means of travel plants, motor
12、graders, drags, orspecial road-mixing equipment. Pavement base and surfaces,mixed in place, may utilize open-graded aggregates (3.1.10),dense-graded aggregates (3.1.5), sand (3.1.15), or sandy soil(3.1.17).3.1.8 mulch treatmenta spray application of bituminousmaterial used to temporarily stabilize a
13、 recently seeded area.The bitumen can also be applied to straw or hay mulch as atie-down.3.1.9 multiple surface treatmenttwo or more surface treat-ments placed one on the other. The maximum aggregate size ofeach successive treatment is usually one-half that of the1This practice is under the jurisdic
14、tion of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.40 onAsphalt Specifications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2399 12. DOI:10.1520/D2399-12R
15、17E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
16、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued b
17、y the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1previous one, and the total thickness is about the same as thenominal maximum size aggregate particles of the first course.3.1.10 open-graded aggregateone containing little or nomineral filler and in which the void spaces in
18、 the compactedaggregate are relatively large.3.1.11 patch mixa mixture of bituminous material andmineral aggregate for patching holes, depressions, and dis-tressed areas in existing pavements. These mixes are suitablefor use in relatively small areas, applied at ambient temperatureusing hand-laying
19、and hand-compaction techniques. Thesemixes may be designed for immediate use or for stockpiling fora period of time prior to use.3.1.12 pavement base and surfacesthe lower or underly-ing pavement course atop the subbase or subgrade and the topor wearing course. Cold-laid mixtures that are bound toge
20、therwith liquid bitumens use either open or dense aggregategradations.3.1.13 penetration macadama pavement construction us-ing essentially one-size coarse aggregate, which is penetratedin place by a heavy application of high-viscosity bituminousmaterial. This application is followed by an applicatio
21、n of asmaller size coarse aggregate (to reduce the void space) then isrolled thoroughly. This procedure is usually followed anothertime with a still smaller coarse aggregate and roller compac-tion.3.1.14 prime coatan application of a low-viscosity bitu-minous material to an absorptive surface, desig
22、ned topenetrate, bond, and stabilize the existing surface and topromote adhesion between it and the construction course thatfollows.3.1.15 sanda clean, mineral aggregate material passing aNo. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve, but only about 5 % passing the No. 200(75-m) sieve.3.1.16 sand seala thin layer of spray-
23、applied bitumenuniformly covered with sand (see 3.1.15), which waterproofsand improves the texture of a pavement surface.3.1.17 sandy soila material consisting essentially of fineaggregate particles smaller than No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve andusually containing up to 20 % passing a No. 200 (75-m) sieve.T
24、his material usually exhibits plasticity characteristics.3.1.18 single-surface treatmenta single application of bi-tumen to any kind of road surface followed immediately by asingle layer of aggregate of as uniform a size as practicable.The thickness of the treatment is about the same as the nominalm
25、aximum size aggregate particles. A single-surface treatmentis used as a wearing and waterproofing course.3.1.19 surface treatmentsapplications of bituminous ma-terials to any type of road or pavement surface that produce anincrease in thickness of less than 25mm (1 in.).3.1.20 tack coatan applicatio
26、n of bituminous materialapplied to an existing, relatively nonabsorbent surface toprovide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice defines various types of bituminous pavingconstruction for which cutback asphalt may be used. Inaddition, it delineates the
27、 types and grades recommended foreach specific use.4.2 This practice provides the basic concepts on which theuse recommendations have been made. It also provides arationale by which the user may judiciously select a materialfor a specific job application from among those generallyrecommended.5. Prec
28、autions5.1 For some of the uses recommended in Table 1, thecutback asphalt may be applied at temperatures above its flashpoint. Caution must therefore be exercised at all times inhandling these materials to prevent fire or an explosion.6. Recommended Uses6.1 The recommendations shown in Table 1 are
29、for use onlyas a guide in paving and road construction. Several cutbackmaterials may be recommended in the table for a generalconstruction procedure. Selection of a particular material willdepend on local practice, availability, traffic, and environmen-tal conditions for the specific project being c
30、onsidered.6.2 Cutback asphalts are constituted from a base asphalt ofselected hardness or viscosity dissolved in a solvent of high,medium, or low volatility to provide distinct differences forconstruction purposes among the types. Slow-curing cutbacksalternatively may be made directly by distillatio
31、n. Uponexposure to atmospheric conditions, the highly volatilenaphtha-type solvent in rapid-curing blends evaporates quicklyand leaves a hard, viscous base asphalt to function withaggregate in the road. A less volatile kerosine-type solventevaporates more slowly from medium-curing blends and leavesa
32、 base asphalt of medium hardness or viscosity. Slow-curingblends contain a low-volatility fuel-oil type solvent and thusrequire the longest curing period. They leave a soft, low-viscosity asphalt on the aggregate. Both the curing rate andcharacteristics of the residual asphalt are factors to be cons
33、id-ered in the selection of liquid asphalts for various uses.However, primary consideration should be given to hardness orviscosity of the remaining asphalt in relation to gradation of theaggregate with which it is used. One-size aggregates, oropen-graded ones deficient in fines, require harder asph
34、altswhile softer materials may be used with dense-graded aggre-gates.6.3 The choice of cutback asphalt grade (viscosity) withinany given type is generally controlled by the method ofconstruction (application or mix type and method of mixing)and by climatic conditions during construction. Application
35、sthat require infiltration of the aggregate necessitate a lowenough viscosity to penetrate (prime coat) and a viscosity highenough to be retained on the aggregate (penetration macadam).Tack coats require low viscosity to achieve coverage with athin film of residual asphalt. Surface treatment and sea
36、l coattypes require a viscosity low enough to achieve wetting buthigh enough to prevent run-off from road crown or grade. Withregard to mix types, higher viscosity materials may be usedwhen the method is positive and efficient (plant mix) and theweather is warm. With less efficient mixing methods (r
37、oadmix) and in cooler weather, lower viscosity materials may beneeded.D2399 12 (2017)12ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
38、the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Y
39、our comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your commen
40、ts have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or mu
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42、Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Cutback Asphalt Recommendations for General Paving UsesPaving Construction UseARecommended Cutback AsphaltRapid-Curing (D2028) Medium-Curing (D2027) Slow-Curing (D2026)RC-70RC-250RC-800RC-3000MC-30MC-70MC-250MC-800MC-3000SC-
43、70SC-250SC-800SC-3000Bitumen-aggregate mixtures:Cold-laid plant mix:Pavement base and surfaces:Open-graded aggregate . . . . . . . X . . . . .Dense-graded aggregate . X . . . . X X X . X X XPatching, immediate use . X X . . . X X X . . X XPatching, stockpile . . . . . . X X . . X X .Mixed-in-place (
44、road mix):Pavement base and surfaces:Open-graded aggregate . X X X . . . X X . X X .Dense-graded aggregate . . . . . . X X . . X X .Sand . X X . . X X X . . . . .Sandy soil X X X . . . X X . . . . .Patching, immediate use . X X . . . X X X . . X XPatching, stockpile . . . . . . X X . . X X .Bitumen-
45、aggregate applications:Surface treatments:Single surface treatment . X X X . . . X X . . . .Multiple surface treatment . X X X . . . . X . . . .Sand seal . X . . . . X X . . . . .Penetration macadam:Large voids . . X X . . . . . . . . .Small voids . X . . . . . . . . . . .Bitumen applications:Surfac
46、e treatment:Prime coat, open surfaces X X . . . X X . . . . . .Prime coat, tight surfaces X . . . X X . . . . . . .Tack coat X . . . . . . . . . . . .Dust binder X . . . . X . . . X . . .Mulch treatment X . . . . . . . . . . . .AFor definitions of terms used in this table, refer to Section 3.D2399 12 (2017)13
