1、Designation: D2412 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forDetermination of External Loading Characteristics of PlasticPipe by Parallel-Plate Loading1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1.
3、 Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plateloading.1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, rein-forced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), and reinforced poly-mer mortar pipe (RPMP).1.3 The characteristics de
4、termined by this test method arepipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not consid
5、ered standard.NOTE 1While this test method can be used in measuring the pipestiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, special conditions andprocedures are used. These details are included in the product standards,for example, Specification F405.1.5 The text of this test method references notes
6、 andfootnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibilit
7、y of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization est
8、ablished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD
9、1600 Terminology forAbbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-ticsD2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-moplastic Pipe and FittingsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Tes
10、t MethodF405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipeand Fittings (Withdrawn 2015)3F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Termi-nology D1600, unless othe
11、rwise specified.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ymeasured change of the inside diameter in thedirection of load application expressed in inches (millimetres).3.2.2 initial inside diameter (d)the average of the insidediameters as determined for the several test specimens ande
12、xpressed in inches (millimetres).3.2.3 load (F)the load applied to the pipe to produce agiven percentage deflection. Expressed as newtons per metre orpounds-force per linear inch.3.2.4 mean radius (r)the mid-wall radius determined bysubtracting the average wall thickness from the average outsidediam
13、eter and dividing the difference by two. Expressed asinches (millimetres).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on TestMethods.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Orig
14、inally approvedin 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D2412 11. DOI: 10.1520/D2412-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards D
15、ocument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat
16、esThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Tra
17、de (TBT) Committee.13.2.5 pipe deflection (P)the ratio of the reduction in pipeinside diameter to the initial inside diameter expressed as thepercentage of the initial inside diameter.3.2.6 pipe significant events:3.2.6.1 liner cracking or crazingthe occurrence of a breakor network of fine breaks in
18、 the liner visible to the unaided eye.3.2.6.2 rupturea crack or break extending entirely orpartly through the pipe wall.NOTE 2The significant events listed may or may not occur in aspecific pipe material.3.2.6.3 wall crackingthe occurence of a break in the pipewall visible to the unaided eye.3.2.6.4
19、 wall delaminationthe occurrence of any separationin the components of the pipe wall visible to the unaided eye.3.2.7 pipe stiffness (PS)the value obtained by dividing theforce per unit length of specimen by the resulting deflection inthe same units at the prescribed percentage deflection.3.2.8 stif
20、fness factor (SF)the product of pipe stiffness andthe quantity 0.149 r3.3.2.9 DiscussionThe “pipe stiffness” and “stiffness factor”are related as follows:PS 5 F/y (1)SF 5 EI 5 0.149 Fr3/y 5 0.149 r3PS! (2)NOTE 3See Appendix X2 for information relating PS, E, and y.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A shor
21、t length of pipe is loaded between two rigidparallel flat plates at a controlled rate of approach to oneanother. Load-deflection (of the pipe diameter) data are ob-tained. If cracking, crazing, delamination, or rupture occurs,the corresponding load and deflection are recorded.5. Significance and Use
22、5.1 The external loading properties of plastic pipe obtainedby this test method are used for the following:5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe. This is afunction of the pipe dimensions and the physical properties ofthe material of which the pipe is made.5.1.2 To determine the load-deflectio
23、n characteristics andpipe stiffness which are used for engineering design (seeAppendix X1).5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics inpipe form.5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions and deflec-tion properties of plastic pipe and conduit.5.1.5 To measure the deflection and l
24、oad-resistance at any ofseveral significant events if they occur during the test.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineA properly calibrated compressiontesting machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead movementtype meeting the requirements of Test Method D695 shall beused to make the tests. The rate of hea
25、d approach shall be 0.506 0.02 in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.NOTE 4Hydraulic testing machines that may vary slightly from theserate limits are commonly used and are satisfactory for testing RTRP andRPMP pipe 24-in. (610-mm) size and larger.6.2 Loading PlatesThe load shall be applied to the speci-men throu
26、gh two parallel steel bearing plates. The plates shallbe flat, smooth, and clean. The thickness of the plates shall besufficient so that no bending or deformation occurs during thetest, but it shall not be less than 0.25 in. (6.0 mm). The platelength shall equal or exceed the specimen length and the
27、 platewidth shall not be less than the pipe contact width at maximumpipe deflection plus 6.0 in. (150 mm).NOTE 5For some types of testing machines a greater plate thicknessmay be required to limit plate bending.6.3 Deformation (Deflection) Indicator The change ininside diameter, or deformation paral
28、lel to the direction ofloading, shall be measured with a suitable instrument meetingthe requirements of Test Method D695, except that the instru-ment shall be accurate to the nearest 0.010 in. (0.25 mm). Theinstrument shall not support the pipe test specimen or the plateor affect in any way the load
29、 deflection measurements.Changes in diameter are measured during loading by continu-ously recording plate travel or by periodically computing it.7. Test Specimens7.1 For thermoplastic pipe, the test specimen shall be apiece of pipe 6 618 in. (150 6 3 mm) long.7.2 For reinforced thermosetting resin p
30、ipe, the minimumtest specimen length shall be three times the nominal pipediameter or 12.0 in. (300 mm), whichever is smaller. For pipelarger than 60 in. (1524 mm) in diameter, the minimumspecimen length shall be 20 % of the nominal diameteradjusted to the nearest 1 in. (25.4 mm).7.3 The ends of spe
31、cimens shall be cut square and shall befree of burrs and jagged edges.7.4 No less than three specimens shall be tested for eachsample of pipe.NOTE 6For quality control testing a single specimen may be used withthe thinnest wall at the top.7.5 Certain RTRP pipes exhibit surface irregularity becauseth
32、e production process is inside diameter controlled. To assureaccurate test results by parallel-plate loading, the test specimenmust be uniformly loaded along its entire bearing surface. Ifsurface irregularities (resin-rich areas) along the outside diam-eter prevent the bearing load from being unifor
33、mly distributedalong the length of the specimen, the outside surface along theloading line shall be sanded smooth by hand. This sandingshall only be done if the reinforcement is not damaged. Notethat sanding shall be done only along the plate contact lines.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition pipe for at le
34、ast4hinair,atatemperature of73.4 6 3.6 F (23 6 2 C), and conduct the test in a roommaintained at the same temperature.8.2 When a referee test is required, condition specimens forat least 40 h at 73.4 6 3.6 F (23 6 2 C) and 50 6 5%relative humidity and conduct the test under the same condi-tions.D241
35、2 11 (2018)29. Procedure9.1 Make the following measurements on each specimen:9.1.1 Determine the length of each specimen to the nearest132 in. (1 mm) or better, by making and averaging at least fourequally spaced measurements around the perimeter.9.1.2 Measure the wall thickness of each specimen ina
36、ccordance with Test Method D2122. Make at least eightmeasurements equally spaced around one end and calculate theaverage wall thickness.9.1.3 Determine whether a line of minimum wall thicknessexists along the length of the specimen and if so mark it for usein 9.2.1.NOTE 7On RTRP and RPMP pipe measur
37、ements may be made at bothends.9.1.4 Determine the average outside diameter to the nearest0.01 in. (0.2 mm) using a circumferential wrap tape or byaveraging the maximum and minimum outside diameters asmeasured with a micrometer or caliper.9.1.5 For OD-controlled pipe calculate the average pipeinside
38、 diameter (ID) by subtracting two times the average of allwall thicknesses (9.1.2) from the average of all outsidediameters (9.1.4). For ID-controlled pipe determine the aver-age ID by measuring the maximum and minimum insidediameters. Use this average ID as the basis for computing thepercentage of
39、deflection for all specimens in that lot of pipe.9.2 Locate the pipe section with its longitudinal axis parallelto the bearing plates and center it laterally in the testingmachine.9.2.1 If an orientation of minimum wall thickness has beenfound, place the first specimen so the thinnest wall is at the
40、 topand rotate successive specimens 35 and 70. If no minimumwall thickness was identified, use any base line.9.3 With the deflection indicator in place, bring the upperplate into contact with the specimen with no more load than isnecessary to hold it in place. This establishes the beginningpoint for
41、 subsequent deflection measurements.9.4 Compress the specimen at a constant rate of 0.50 6 0.02in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.NOTE 8For larger sizes of pipe made from relatively low-modulusmaterials, creep may affect the results of this test because of the loadingrate specified.9.5 Record load-deflection m
42、easurements continuously orintermittently with reference to the relative movement of thebearing plates. If measurements are made intermittently, makeand record such measurements at increments of not more than5 % of the average inside diameter of the specimen. Refer toAnnex A1.9.6 Observe and note th
43、e load and deflection at the firstevidence of each of the following significant events when andif they occur:9.6.1 Liner cracking or crazing.9.6.2 Wall cracking.9.6.3 Wall delamination.9.6.4 Rupture.9.7 Record type and position of each event with respect tothe corresponding load and deflection. Disc
44、ontinue the testwhen either of the following occur:9.7.1 The load on the specimen fails to increase withincreasing deflection (maximum point on load-deflection plothas been reached).9.7.2 The specimen deflection reaches 30 % of the averageinside diameter or the required maximum deflection.10. Calcul
45、ation10.1 Calculate the pipe stiffness, PS, for any given deflec-tion as follows:PS 5 F/y lbf/in./in. kPa! (3)NOTE 9Refer to Appendix X3 for additional information on units.10.2 When required, calculate the stiffness factor, SF, forany given deflection as follows:SF 5 0.149 r3PS in.3lbf/in.2Pam3! (4
46、)10.3 When required, calculate the percentage pipedeflection, P, as follows:P 5 y/d 3100 (5)11. Report11.1 Report the following information:TABLE 1 Pipe StiffnessPrecision StatisticsAMaterialDeflectionLevel, %Average SmeanSrBSRBr RStandardDeviation ofCell AveragesCRepeatabilityStandardDeviationCRepr
47、oduce-abilityStandardDeviationCRepeatabilityLimit (95 %)CReproduce-abilityLimit (95 %)CA 2.5 772.3 54.95 84.69 101.0 237.1 282.7 7.11 11.0 13.1 30.7 36.6B 2.5 380.2 20.52 18.12 27.37 50.72 76.64 5.40 4.77 7.20 13.3 20.2C 2.5 463.9 79.07 57.82 97.96 161.9 274.3 17.0 12.5 21.1 34.9 59.1A 5.0 755.7 33.
48、30 80.30 86.93 224.8 243.4 4.41 10.6 11.5 29.7 32.2B 5.0 356.1 19.13 15.32 24.51 42.89 68.62 5.37 4.30 6.88 12.0 19.3C 5.0 419.4 37.80 27.74 46.89 77.68 131.3 9.01 6.61 11.2 18.5 31.3A 7.5 724.8 27.85 76.14 81.07 213.2 227.0 3.84 10.5 11.2 29.4 31.3B 7.5 332.6 16.87 13.94 21.88 39.02 61.27 5.07 4.19
49、 6.58 11.7 18.4C 7.5 371.7 26.70 18.82 32.66 52.69 91.45 7.18 5.06 8.79 14.2 24.6ATerms are used as specified in Practice E177.BSr= standard deviation of repeatability (variation of replicate samples by same laboratory).SR= standard deviation of reproducibility (variability between laboratory).CPrecision statistics as percent of average.D2412 11 (2018)311.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing type, source, manufacturers code, previous history (ifany), and product identification by standard number.11.1.2 Dimensi
