1、Designation: D 2419 02Standard Test Method forSand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2419; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to serve as a rapid fi
3、eld-correlation test. The purpose of this test method is to indicate,under standard conditions, the relative proportions of clay-likeor plastic fines and dust in granular soils and fine aggregatesthat pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. The term “sand equiva-lent” expresses the concept that most granula
4、r soils and fineaggregates are mixtures of desirable coarse particles, sand, andgenerally undesirable clay or plastic fines and dust.NOTE 1Some agencies perform the test on material with a top sizesmaller than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. This is done to avoid trapping theclay-like or plastic fines an
5、d dust below flaky shaped 4.75 to 2.36 mm(No. 4 to 8) sized particles. Testing smaller top sized material may lowerthe numerical results of the test.1.2 Units of Measurement:1.2.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard, with the exception of the dimensions of the specialsand
6、 equivalent test apparatus described in Fig. 1, in which thethe inch dimensions are standard. Values in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
7、o establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials2C 702 Practice for Reducing Sam
8、ples of Aggregate toTesting Size2D 8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-ments3D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids4E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes52.2 AASHTO Standard:T 176 Standard Meth
9、od of Test for Plastic Fines in GradedAggregates and Soils by Use of Sand Equivalent Test63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fine aggregateaggregate passing the 9.5-mm (38-in.)sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieveand predominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve (seeTermi
10、nology D 8).3.1.2 sand equivalenta measure of the amount of silt orclay contamination in the fine aggregate (or soil) as determinedby test (see Terminology D 653). (For further explanation, seeSummary of Test Method and Significance and Use.)3.1.3 soilsediments or other unconsolidated accumula-tions
11、 of solid particles produced by the physical and chemicaldisintegration of rocks which may or may not contain organicmatter (see Terminology D 653).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A measured volume of soil or fine aggregate and a smallquantity of flocculating solution are poured into a graduatedplastic
12、 cylinder and are agitated to loosen the claylike coatingsfrom the sand particles in the test specimen. The specimen isthen “irrigated” using additional flocculating solution forcingthe claylike material into suspension above the sand. After aprescribed sedimentation period, the height of flocculate
13、d clayis read and the height of sand in the cylinder is determined. Thesand equivalent is the ratio of the height of sand to the heightof clay times 100.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assigns an empirical value to therelative amount, fineness, and character of claylike materialpresent i
14、n the test specimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.51 onAggregate Tests.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originallypublished as D 2419 65 T. Last previ
15、ous edition D 2419 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials, 444 N. Capitol St. NW, Suit
16、e 225, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.List of MaterialAssembly Part No. Description Stock Size, In. MaterialA Siphon Assembly:1 siphon tube14 diameter by 16 copper tube (may be plated)2 siphon ho
17、se316 ID by 48 rubber tube, pure gum or equivalent3 blow hose316 ID by 2 rubber tube, pure gum or equivalent4 blow tube14 diameter by 2 copper tube (may be plated)5 2-hole stopper No. 6 rubber6 irrigator tube14 OD 0.035 wall by 20 SS tube, Type 3167 clamp Pinchcock, Day, BKH No. 21730 or equivalentB
18、A,BGraduate Assembly:89tubebase1.50 OD by 1714 by4by4transparent acrylic plastictransparent acrylic plasticCCWeighted Foot Assembly:10 sand reading indicator 114 diameter by 0.59 nylon 101 type 66 annealed11 rod14 diameter by 1712 brass (may be plated)12 weight 2 diameter by 2.078 C. R. steel (may b
19、e plated)13 roll pin116 diameter by12 corrosion-resistant metal14 foot1116 hex by 0.54 brass (may be plated)15 solid stopper No. 7 rubberAAssembly BAccuracy of scale should be6 0.010 in. per tenth of an inch. Error at any point on scale should be6 0.030 in. of true distance to zero.BAssembly BGradua
20、tions on graduate should be in tenths of an inch. Inch marks should be numerically designated as shown. The inch and half-inch division linesshould be approximately14 in. long. All division lines should be 0.015 in. deep with width across top 0.030 in.CAssembly CWeighted foot assembly should weigh 1
21、000 6 5g.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm0.001 0.025 0.13 3.30 0.62 15.75 2 50.800.005 0.127316 4.76 0.63 16.00 2.078 52.780.010 0.254 0.25 6.35 0.75 19.05 4 101.600.015 0.38114 6.3534 19.05 10.10 256.540.020 0.508 0.30 7.62 1 25.4 15 381.000.030 0.762516 7.94 1116 26.99 16 406.400.035
22、0.88938 9.51 1.24 31.50 17 431.80116 1.59 0.50 12.70 114 31.75 17.5 444.500.100 2.54 0.54 13.72 1.50 38.10 20 508.0018 3.17 0.59 14.99 112 38.10 48 1219.2NOTE 1The sand reading indicator and foot specified by ASTM Method D 2419 69. Fig. 1, may be used where this equipment is previouslyavailable.FIG.
23、 1 Sand Equivalent Test ApparatusD24190225.2 A minimum sand equivalent value may be specified tolimit the permissible quantity of claylike fines in an aggregate.5.3 This test method provides a rapid field method fordetermining changes in the quality of aggregates duringproduction or placement.6. Int
24、erferences6.1 Maintain the temperature of the working solution at 226 3C (72 6 5F) during the performance of this test.NOTE 2If field conditions preclude the maintenance of the tempera-ture range, frequent referee samples should be submitted to a laboratorywhere proper temperature control is possibl
25、e. It is also possible toestablish temperature correction curves for each material being testedwhere proper temperature control is not possible. However, no generalcorrection should be utilized for several materials even within a narrowrange of sand equivalent values. Samples that meet the minimum s
26、andequivalent requirement at a working solution temperature below therecommended range need not be subject to referee testing.6.2 Perform the test at a location free from vibration.Excessive vibration may cause the suspended material to settleat a greater rate than normal.6.3 Do not expose the plast
27、ic cylinders to direct sunlight anymore than is necessary.6.4 Occasionally it may be necessary to remove a fungusgrowth from the working calcium chloride solution containerand from the inside of the flexible tubing and irrigator tube.This fungus can easily be seen as a slimy substance in thesolution
28、, or as a mold growing on the inside of the container.6.4.1 To remove this growth, prepare a cleaning solvent bydiluting sodium hypochlorite solution (household chlorinebleach) with an equal quantity of water.6.4.2 After discarding the contaminated solution, fill thesolution container with the prepa
29、red cleaning solvent: allowabout 1 L of the cleaning solvent to flow through the siphonassembly and irrigator tube, then place the pinch clamp on theend of the tubing to cut off the flow of solvent and to hold thesolvent in the tube. Refill the container and allow to standovernight.6.4.3 After soaki
30、ng, allow the cleaning solvent to flow outthrough the siphon assembly and irrigator tube.6.4.4 Remove the siphon assembly from the solution con-tainer and rinse both with clear water. The irrigator tube andsiphon assembly can be rinsed easily by attaching a hosebetween the tip of the irrigator tube
31、and water faucet andbackwashing fresh water through the tube.6.5 Occasionally the holes in the tip of the irrigator tubemay become clogged by a particle of sand. If the obstructioncannot be freed by any other method, use a pin or other sharpobject to force it out using extreme care not to enlarge th
32、e sizeof the opening.6.6 Working solution which is more than two weeks oldshall be discarded.6.7 Mixing and storage container(s) for solutions shall bethoroughly rinsed prior to mixing a fresh batch of solution.6.8 Fresh solution shall not be added to old solutionregardless of age.7. Apparatus7.1 A
33、graduated transparent acrylic plastic cylinder, rubberstopper, irrigator tube, weighted foot assembly and siphonassembly all conforming to the respective specifications anddimensions shown in Fig. 1. See Annex A1 for alternativeapparatus.7.2 Measuring Tin A cylindrical tin approximately 57 mm(214 in
34、.) in diameter having a capacity of 85 6 5 mL.7.3 4.75-mm (No. 4) Sieve, conforming to the requirementsof Specification E 11.7.4 Funnel, wide-mouth, for transferring test specimens intothe graduated cylinder.7.5 Bottles, two 3.8-L (1.0-gal) to store stock solution andworking solution.7.6 Flat Pan, f
35、or mixing.7.7 Clock or Watch, reading in minutes and seconds.7.8 Mechanical Sand Equivalent Shaker, designed to holdthe required graduated plastic cylinder in a horizontal positionwhile subjecting it to a reciprocating motion parallel to itslength and having a throw of 203.2 6 1.0 mm (8 6 0.04 in.)a
36、nd operating at 175 6 2 cpm. A typical apparatus is shown inFig. 2. The shaker shall be securely fastened to a firm and levelmount.FIG. 2 Mechanized ShakersD2419023NOTE 3Moving parts of the mechanical shaker should be providedwith a safety guard for protection of the operator.7.9 Manually Operated S
37、and Equivalent Shaker(optional), as shown in Fig. 3, or equivalent, capable ofproducing an oscillating motion at a rate of 100 completecycles in 45 6 5 s, with a hand-assisted half stroke length of12.7 6 0.5 cm (5 6 0.2 in.). The device shall be designed tohold the required graduated cylinder in a h
38、orizontal positionwhile subjecting it to a reciprocating motion parallel to itslength. The shaker shall be fastened securely to a firm and levelmount. If only a few tests are to be run the shaker may be heldby hand on a firm level mount.7.10 Oven, of sufficient size, and capable of maintaining atemp
39、erature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F).7.11 Filter Paper, Watman No. 2V or equivalent.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Stock Solution The materials listed in 8.1.1, 8.1.2 or8.1.3 may be used to prepare the stock solution. If the use offormaldehyde as the biocide is of concern, the materials in8.1.2 or 8.1.3 sho
40、uld be used. A fourth alternative is not to useany biocide provided the time of storage of stock solution is notsufficient to promote the growth of fungi.8.1.1 Stock solution with formaldehyde.8.1.1.1 Anhydrous Calcium Chloride, 454 g (1.0 lb) oftechnical grade.8.1.1.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL)
41、.8.1.1.3 Formaldehyde, (40 volume % solution) 47 g (45mL).8.1.1.4 Dissolve the 454 g (1.0 lb) of calcium chloride in1.89 L (12 gal) of distilled water. Cool and filter through readypleated rapid filtering paper. Add the 2050 g of glycerin and the47 g of formaldehyde to the filtered solution, mix wel
42、l, anddilute to 3.78 L (1 gal).8.1.2 Stock solution with glutaraldehyde.8.1.2.1 Calcium Chloride Dihydrate, 577 g (1.27 lb) of A.C. S. grade.NOTE 4ACS grade calcium chloride dihydrate is specified for thestock solution prepared with glutaraldehyde because tests indicate thatimpurities in the technic
43、al grade anhydrous calcium chloride may reactwith the glutaraldehyde resulting in an unknown precipitate.8.1.2.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL).8.1.2.3 1,5-Pentanedial (Glutaraldehyde), 50 % solution inwater 59 g (53 mL).8.1.2.4 Dissolve the 577 g (1.27 lb) of calcium chloridedihydrate in 1.89 L (12
44、 gal) of distilled water. Cool and add the2050 g of glycerin and the 59 g of glutaraldehyde to thesolution, mix well, and dilute to 3.78 L (1 gal).NOTE 51,5-pentanedial, also known as glutaraldehyde, glutaric dial-dehyde, and trade name UCARCIDE 250, may be obtained as “Glutaral-dehyde Solution 50 %
45、.”78.1.3 Stock solution with Kathon CG/ICP.8.1.3.1 Calcium Chloride Dihydrate, 577 g (1.27 lb) of A.C. S. grade.8.1.3.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL).8.1.3.3 Kathon CG/ICP8, 63 g (53 mL).8.1.3.4 Dissolve the 577 g (1.27 lb) of calcium chloridedihydrate in 1.89 L (12 gal) of distilled water. Cool an
46、d add the2050 g of glycerin and the 63 g of Kathon CG/ICP to thesolution, mix well, and dilute to 3.78 L (1 gal).8.2 Working Calcium Chloride SolutionPrepare the work-ing calcium chloride solution by diluting one measuring tin (856 5 mL) full of the stock calcium chloride solution to 3.8 L(1.0 gal)
47、with water. Use distilled or demineralized water forthe normal preparation of the working solution. However, if itis determined that the local tap water is of such purity that itdoes not affect the test results, it is permissible to use it insteadof distilled or demineralized water except in the eve
48、nt ofdispute.7Available from Aldrich Chemical Company, P. O. Box 2060, Milwaukee, WI53201 or Fisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Ave., Pittsburg, PA 15219.8Kathon CG/ICP may be obtained from Rohm and Hass Chemical Company,Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19105.FIG. 3 Manually Operated ShakerD24190
49、24NOTE 6The effect of local tap water on sand equivalent test resultsmay be determined by comparing the results of three sand equivalent testsusing distilled water with the results of three sand equivalent tests usingthe local tap water. The six test specimens required for this comparisonshall be prepared from the sample of material and oven-dried as prescribedin this test method.9. Sample Preparation9.1 Sample the material to be tested in accordance withPractice D 75.9.2 Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it as necessaryusing th
