1、Designation: D 2419 09Standard Test Method forSand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2419; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to serve as a rapid fie
3、ld-correlation test. The purpose of this test method is to indicate,under standard conditions, the relative proportions of clay-likeor plastic fines and dust in granular soils and fine aggregatesthat pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. The term “sand equiva-lent” expresses the concept that most granular
4、 soils and fineaggregates are mixtures of desirable coarse particles, sand, andgenerally undesirable clay or plastic fines and dust.NOTE 1Some agencies perform the test on material with a top sizesmaller than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. This is done to avoid trapping theclay-like or plastic fines and
5、 dust below flaky shaped 4.75 to 2.36 mm(No. 4 to 8) sized particles. Testing smaller top sized material may lowerthe numerical results of the test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that ar
6、e provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.2.1 Regarding sieves, per Specification E11Section 1.2,“the values stated in SI units shall be considered standard forthe dimensions of the wire cloth openings and the diameter ofthe wires used in the wire cloth. The values stated in i
7、nchpoundunits shall be considered standard with regard to the sieveframes.” When sieve mesh sizes are referenced, the alternateinch-pound designations are provided for information purposesand enclosed in parentheses.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
8、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statemen
9、tsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3666 Specification for Minimum R
10、equirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth andTest Sieves2.2 AASHTO Standard:T 176 Standard Method of Test for Plastic Fines in GradedAggregates and Soils by Use of Sand Equivalent Test33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.
11、1 fine aggregateaggregate passing the 9.5-mm (38-in.)sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieveand predominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve (seeTerminology D8).3.1.2 sand equivalenta measure of the amount of silt orclay contamination in the fine aggregate (or soil) as dete
12、rminedby test (see Terminology D 653). (For further explanation, seeSummary of Test Method and Significance and Use.)3.1.3 soilsediments or other unconsolidated accumula-tions of solid particles produced by the physical and chemicaldisintegration of rocks which may or may not contain organicmatter (
13、see Terminology D 653).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Ameasured volume of soil or fine aggregate and a smallquantity of flocculating solution are poured into a graduatedplastic cylinder and are agitated to loosen the claylike coatingsfrom the sand particles in the test specimen. The specimen isthen “i
14、rrigated” using additional flocculating solution forcingthe claylike material into suspension above the sand. After a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.51 onAggregate Tests.Current edition
15、 approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2419 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
16、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
17、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.prescribed sedimentation period, the height of flocculated clayis read and the height of sand in the cylinder is determined. Thesand equivalent is the ratio of the height of sand to the heightof clay times 100.5. Significance and Use5.1 This te
18、st method assigns an empirical value to therelative amount, fineness, and character of claylike materialpresent in the test specimen.5.2 A minimum sand equivalent value may be specified tolimit the permissible quantity of claylike fines in an aggregate.5.3 This test method provides a rapid field met
19、hod fordetermining changes in the quality of aggregates duringproduction or placement.NOTE 2The quality of the results produced by this standard aredependant upon the competence of the personnel performing the proce-dure and the capability, calibration, and the maintenance of the equipmentused. Agen
20、cies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3666 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance withPractice D 3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factor
21、s: following the suggestions of PracticeD 3666 or similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating andcontrolling some of those factors.6. Interferences6.1 Maintain the temperature of the working solution at 726 5F (22 6 3C) during the performance of this test.NOTE 3If field conditions pr
22、eclude the maintenance of the tempera-ture range, frequent referee samples should be submitted to a laboratorywhere proper temperature control is possible. It is also possible toestablish temperature correction curves for each material being testedwhere proper temperature control is not possible. Ho
23、wever, no generalcorrection should be utilized for several materials even within a narrowrange of sand equivalent values. Samples that meet the minimum sandequivalent requirement at a working solution temperature below therecommended range need not be subject to referee testing.6.2 Perform the test
24、at a location free from vibration.Excessive vibration may cause the suspended material to settleat a greater rate than normal.6.3 Do not expose the plastic cylinders to direct sunlight anymore than is necessary.6.4 Occasionally it may be necessary to remove a fungusgrowth from the working calcium ch
25、loride solution containerand from the inside of the flexible tubing and irrigator tube.This fungus can easily be seen as a slimy substance in thesolution, or as a mold growing on the inside of the container.6.4.1 To remove this growth, prepare a cleaning solvent bydiluting sodium hypochlorite soluti
26、on (household chlorinebleach) with an equal quantity of water.6.4.2 After discarding the contaminated solution, fill thesolution container with the prepared cleaning solvent: allowabout 1 L of the cleaning solvent to flow through the siphonassembly and irrigator tube, then place the pinch clamp on t
27、heend of the tubing to cut off the flow of solvent and to hold thesolvent in the tube. Refill the container and allow to standovernight.6.4.3 After soaking, allow the cleaning solvent to flow outthrough the siphon assembly and irrigator tube.6.4.4 Remove the siphon assembly from the solution con-tai
28、ner and rinse both with clear water. The irrigator tube andsiphon assembly can be rinsed easily by attaching a hosebetween the tip of the irrigator tube and water faucet andbackwashing fresh water through the tube.6.5 Occasionally the holes in the tip of the irrigator tubemay become clogged by a par
29、ticle of sand. If the obstructioncannot be freed by any other method, use a pin or other sharpobject to force it out using extreme care not to enlarge the sizeof the opening.6.6 Working solution which is more than two weeks oldshall be discarded.6.7 Mixing and storage container(s) for solutions shal
30、l bethoroughly rinsed prior to mixing a fresh batch of solution.6.8 Fresh solution shall not be added to old solutionregardless of age.7. Apparatus7.1 A graduated transparent acrylic plastic cylinder, rubberstopper, irrigator tube, weighted foot assembly and siphonassembly all conforming to the resp
31、ective specifications anddimensions shown in Fig. 1. See Annex A1 for alternativeapparatus.7.2 Measuring TinA cylindrical tin approximately 214 in.(57 mm) in diameter having a capacity of 85 6 5 mL.7.3 4.75-mm (No. 4) Sieve, conforming to the requirementsof Specification E11.7.4 Funnel, wide-mouth,
32、for transferring test specimens intothe graduated cylinder.7.5 Bottles, two 1.0-gal (3.8-L) to store stock solution andworking solution.7.6 Flat Pan, for mixing.7.7 Clock or Watch, reading in minutes and seconds.7.8 Mechanical Sand Equivalent Shaker, designed to holdthe required graduated plastic cy
33、linder in a horizontal positionwhile subjecting it to a reciprocating motion parallel to itslength and having a throw of 8 6 0.04 in. (203.2 6 1.0 mm)and operating at 175 6 2 cpm. A typical apparatus is shown inFig. 2. The shaker shall be securely fastened to a firm and levelmount.NOTE 4Moving parts
34、 of the mechanical shaker should be providedwith a safety guard for protection of the operator.7.9 Manually Operated Sand Equivalent Shaker(optional), as shown in Fig. 3, or equivalent, capable ofproducing an oscillating motion at a rate of 100 completecycles in 45 6 5 s, with a hand-assisted half s
35、troke length of 56 0.2 in. (12.7 6 0.5 cm). The device shall be designed to holdthe required graduated cylinder in a horizontal position whilesubjecting it to a reciprocating motion parallel to its length.The shaker shall be fastened securely to a firm and level mount.If only a few tests are to be r
36、un the shaker may be held by handon a firm level mount.7.10 Oven, of sufficient size, and capable of maintaining atemperature of 230 6 9F (110 6 5C).7.11 Filter Paper, Watman No. 2V or equivalent.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Stock SolutionThe materials listed in 8.1.1, 8.1.2 or8.1.3 may be used to p
37、repare the stock solution. If the use ofD2419092List of MaterialAssembly Part No. Description Stock Size, In. MaterialA Siphon Assembly:1 siphon tube14 diameter by 16 copper tube (may be plated)2 siphon hose316 ID by 48 rubber tube, pure gum or equivalent3 blow hose316 ID by 2 rubber tube, pure gum
38、or equivalent4 blow tube14 diameter by 2 copper tube (may be plated)5 2-hole stopper No. 6 rubber6 irrigator tube14 OD 0.035 wall by 20 SS tube, Type 3167 clamp Pinchcock, Day, BKH No. 21730 or equivalentBA,BGraduate Assembly:89tubebase1.50 OD by 1714 by4by4transparent acrylic plastictransparent acr
39、ylic plasticCCWeighted Foot Assembly:10 sand reading indicator 114 diameter by 0.59 nylon 101 type 66 annealed11 rod14 diameter by 1712 brass (may be plated)12 weight 2 diameter by 2.078 C. R. steel (may be plated)13 roll pin116 diameter by12 corrosion-resistant metal14 foot1116 hex by 0.54 brass (m
40、ay be plated)15 solid stopper No. 7 rubberAAssembly BAccuracy of scale should be6 0.010 in. per tenth of an inch. Error at any point on scale should be6 0.030 in. of true distance to zero.BAssembly BGraduations on graduate should be in tenths of an inch. Inch marks should be numerically designated a
41、s shown. The inch and half-inch division linesshould be approximately14 in. long. All division lines should be 0.015 in. deep with width across top 0.030 in.CAssembly CWeighted foot assembly should weigh 1000 6 5g.Metric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm0.001 0.025 0.13 3.30 0.62 15.75 2 50.800
42、.005 0.127316 4.76 0.63 16.00 2.078 52.780.010 0.254 0.25 6.35 0.75 19.05 4 101.600.015 0.38114 6.3534 19.05 10.10 256.540.020 0.508 0.30 7.62 1 25.4 15 381.000.030 0.762516 7.94 1116 26.99 16 406.400.035 0.88938 9.51 1.24 31.50 17 431.80116 1.59 0.50 12.70 114 31.75 17.5 444.500.100 2.54 0.54 13.72
43、 1.50 38.10 20 508.0018 3.17 0.59 14.99 112 38.10 48 1219.2NOTE 1The sand reading indicator and foot specified by ASTM Method D 2419 69. Fig. 1, may be used where this equipment is previouslyavailable.FIG. 1 Sand Equivalent Test ApparatusD2419093formaldehyde as the biocide is of concern, the materia
44、ls in8.1.2 or 8.1.3 should be used. A fourth alternative is not to useany biocide provided the time of storage of stock solution is notsufficient to promote the growth of fungi.8.1.1 Stock solution with formaldehyde.8.1.1.1 Anhydrous Calcium Chloride, 454 g of technicalgrade.8.1.1.2 USP Glycerin, 20
45、50 g (1640 mL).8.1.1.3 Formaldehyde, (40 volume % solution) 47 g (45mL).8.1.1.4 Dissolve the 454 g of calcium chloride in12 gal(1.89 L) of distilled water. Cool and filter through ready pleatedrapid filtering paper. Add the 2050 g of glycerin and the 47 gof formaldehyde to the filtered solution, mix
46、 well, and dilute to3.78 L (1 gal).8.1.2 Stock solution with glutaraldehyde.8.1.2.1 Calcium Chloride Dihydrate,577gofA.C.S.grade.NOTE 5ACS grade calcium chloride dihydrate is specified for thestock solution prepared with glutaraldehyde because tests indicate thatimpurities in the technical grade anh
47、ydrous calcium chloride may reactwith the glutaraldehyde resulting in an unknown precipitate.8.1.2.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL).8.1.2.3 1,5-Pentanedial (Glutaraldehyde), 50 % solution inwater 59 g (53 mL).8.1.2.4 Dissolve the 577 g of calcium chloride dihydrate in12 gal (1.89 L) of distilled wat
48、er. Cool and add the 2050 g ofglycerin and the 59 g of glutaraldehyde to the solution, mixwell, and dilute to 1 gal (3.78 L).NOTE 61,5-pentanedial, also known as glutaraldehyde, glutaric dial-dehyde, and trade name UCARCIDE 250, may be obtained as “Glutaral-dehyde Solution 50 %.”44Available from Ald
49、rich Chemical Company, P. O. Box 2060, Milwaukee, WI53201 or Fisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Ave., Pittsburg, PA 15219.FIG. 2 Mechanized ShakersFIG. 3 Manually Operated ShakerD24190948.1.3 Stock solution with Kathon CG/ICP.8.1.3.1 Calcium Chloride Dihydrate,577gofA.C.S.grade.8.1.3.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL).8.1.3.3 Kathon CG/ICP5, 63 g (53 mL).8.1.3.4 Dissolve the 577 g of calcium chloride dihydrate in12 gal (1.89 L) of distilled water. Cool and add the 2050 g ofglycerin and the 63 g of Kathon CG/ICP to the solution, mixwell,
