1、Designation: D 2462 90 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Method forMoisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2462; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amountof moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool,g
3、arnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, androvings, by distillation with toluene.1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of waterpresent as moisture content (as-received basis) and moistureregain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basisused in the calculat
4、ion and report must always be stated.1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known tocontain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it issuspected that such matter is present, the method should beused with caution.1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted fortoluene
5、as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in thisstandard.NOTE 1The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying iscovered in Test Method D 1576 and for textile materials in general in TestMethods D 2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination ofmoisture in wool is covered in Pr
6、actice D 2525.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
7、For specific safetyhazard statements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool FiberPresent2D 1576 Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-D
8、rying2D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing2D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing2D 2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying2D 2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture2D 2654 Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles2D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple
9、Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for Testing3E 123 Specification for Apparatus for Determination ofWater by Distillation43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 grease wool, n.wool taken from the living sheep andwhich has not been commercially scoured.3.1.2 moisture content, n.the amount of moisture in amaterial d
10、etermined under prescribed conditions and expressedas a percentage of the mass of the moist material, that is, theoriginal mass comprising the oven-dried substance plus anymoisture present.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe term “mass” is the correct desig-nation for the property commonly designated as “weight.”
11、 Aslight amount of residual moisture may not be removed from aspecimen subjected to oven drying because of the relativehumidity of the ambient air. The amount of moisture retainedby a specimen may be estimated from published data. Theremay also be a slight additional loss in mass caused by theevapor
12、ation of volatile material other than water, the amountdepending on the characteristics of any added oils or emul-sions.3.1.3 moisture-free, adj.the condition of a material thathas been exposed in an atmosphere of desiccated air until thereis no further significant change in its mass (see Discussion
13、under 3.1.2)3.1.3.1 DiscussionHeating the material and the desiccatedair to temperatures as high as 110C increases the rate ofmoisture loss but does not change the final equilibrium mass ofthe moisture-free material.3.1.4 moisture regain, n.the amount of moisture in amaterial determined under prescr
14、ibed conditions and expressedas a percentage of the mass of the moisture-free material (seemoisture content).3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the material isconsidered to be oven-dried after drying as described inSection 10.3.1.5 oven-dried, adj.the condition of a material that hasbeen heated
15、under prescribed conditions of temperature and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.Current edition approved Aug. 31, 1990. Published October 1990. Originallypublished as D 246266. L
16、ast previous edition D 2462 77 (1983).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.humidity until there is no further significant c
17、hange in its mass(see 3.1.2).3.1.5.1 DiscussionAn oven-dried material will retain asmall amount of moisutre which is dependent on the tempera-ture and relative humidity of the atmosphere in contact with thematerial during the drying process. An oven-dried material willonly be moisture-free when the
18、air supplied to the drying ovenhas been previously desiccated.3.1.6 pulled wool, n.wool taken from the pelt of aslaughtered sheep and which has not been commerciallyscoured. (syn. slipe wool, skin wool).3.1.7 raw wool, n.wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,pulled, or scoured state. (See also sco
19、ured wool.)3.1.8 recycled wool, n.as defined in the Wool ProductsLabeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber whenwool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimateconsumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
20、the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has beenspun, woven, knitted, or felted into a wool product which, afterhaving been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn the amended Act of 1980, the term“recycled wool” replac
21、ed the terms “reprocessed wool” and“reused wool.”3.1.9 scoured wool, n.wool from which the bulk ofimpurities has been removed by an aqueous or solvent washingprocess.3.1.9.1 DiscussionAlthough it is no longer in its originalraw state, scoured wool is generally accepted as raw wool.3.1.10 virgin wool
22、, n.as defined in the Wool ProductsLabeling Act, “the terms 8virgin or 8new as descriptive of awool product, or any fiber or part thereof, shall not be usedwhen the product or part so described is not composed whollyof new or virgin fiber which has never been reclaimed from anyspun, woven, knitted,
23、felted, braided, bonded, or otherwisemanufactured or used product.”3.1.11 wool, n.the fibrous covering of sheep, Ovis spe-cies.3.1.11.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this method, theword wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both woolas defined in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 as
24、wellas recycled wool as defined in the amended Act of 1980.3.1.12 wool, n. as defined in the Wool Products LabelingAct of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, orhair of the Angora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include theso called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpac
25、a,llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from anywoven or felted wool product.3.1.13 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample or specimen of wool or material made of woolis weighed, then stabilized in
26、the laboratory atmosphere inwhich the specimen is prepared, and reweighed. Any resultingchange in mass is used to calculate the original moisturecontent of the sample or specimen from the results observed onthe stabilized specimen.4.2 The specimen is immersed in water-saturated toluenewhich is then
27、heated, the distilled water vapor and solventvapor are condensed and collected in a graduated trap, whereinthe water separates and settles to the bottom. After cooling ina water bath to achieve a specified temperature, the volume ofwater collected in the trap is read from the graduated trap andconve
28、rted to its equivalent weight.4.3 Results are calculated as percent moisture content orpercent moisture regain using the appropriate equation.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D 2462 for testing for moisture in wool isconsidered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercialshipments since c
29、urrent estimates of between-laboratory pre-cision are acceptable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D 2462 foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine ifth
30、ere is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competentstatistical assistance is recommended for the investigation ofthe bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that arefrom a lot of the type material in question. The te
31、st specimensshould be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average results from the two laboratories should becompared using Students t-Test for unpaired data and anacceptance probability level chosen by the two parties beforethe test is begun. If a bias is found, either its
32、cause must befound and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier mustagree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitablesamples of wool where it is important to obtain a result freefrom the possible biases, introduced by t
33、he conditions dis-cussed in 5.3 and 5.4.5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused bydifferent conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affectthe results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisturemay be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-dryingbecause of the rel
34、ative humidity of the ambient air; however,the amount of moisture retained may be estimated frompublished data.55.4 This test method is free from the interference caused bynonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, iserroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, theextent
35、of the error depending upon the amount and character-istics of any added oils or finishes.5.5 This test method is relatively cumbersome, time con-suming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is notrecommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations,or for other purposes where a high deg
36、ree of accuracy is notnecessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat byredistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reusewithout further treatment.5Toner, R. K., Bowen, C. F., and Whitwell, J. C., “Equilibrium MoistureRelations for Textile Fibers,” Textile Research Journal, Vo
37、l 17, January 1947, pp.718.D 246225.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained orlost by a specimen after its mass has been determined willappear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of theprincipal uses of the method is to determine the averagemoisture present in large lots of
38、wool or wool products exposedto variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratorysamples and test specimens are common. To avoid errors of thetype mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions forstabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that,during the time necessary for se
39、lecting, weighing, and trans-ferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture whichcannot be accounted for will be minimized. A further advan-tage of the stabilizing process is realized in cases where theinterest is solely in the average moisture content of the sample,and the actual moistur
40、e content within the sample is highlyvariable. By stabilizing the sample before selecting the speci-mens, equal precision can be achieved with fewer specimens.6. Apparatus6.1 Flask, Erlenmeyer, wide-mouth, 1000 cm3(mL) capac-ity (takes a No. 11 stopper).66.2 Distilling Receiver, Dean moisture conten
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42、ringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this stand
43、ard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to t
44、he ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org).8ASTM Research Report File, RR D-13-1016. A copy of the report is availablefrom ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.D 24625
