1、Designation: D 2487 061Standard Practice forClassification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (UnifiedSoil Classification System)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETable 1 was editorially re
3、formatted in August 2008.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes a system for classifying mineraland organo-mineral soils for engineering purposes based onlaboratory determination of particle-size characteristics, liquidlimit, and plasticity index and shall be used when preciseclassification is require
4、d.NOTE 1Use of this standard will result in a single classification groupsymbol and group name except when a soil contains 5 to 12 % fines orwhen the plot of the liquid limit and plasticity index values falls into thecrosshatched area of the plasticity chart. In these two cases, a dual symbolis used
5、, for example, GP-GM, CL-ML. When the laboratory test resultsindicate that the soil is close to another soil classification group, theborderline condition can be indicated with two symbols separated by aslash. The first symbol should be the one based on this standard, forexample, CL/CH, GM/SM, SC/CL
6、. Borderline symbols are particularlyuseful when the liquid limit value of clayey soils is close to 50. These soilscan have expansive characteristics and the use of a borderline symbol(CL/CH, CH/CL) will alert the user of the assigned classifications ofexpansive potential.1.2 The group symbol portio
7、n of this system is based onlaboratory tests performed on the portion of a soil samplepassing the 3-in. (75-mm) sieve (see Specification E11).1.3 As a classification system, this standard is limited tonaturally occurring soils.NOTE 2The group names and symbols used in this test method maybe used as
8、a descriptive system applied to such materials as shale,claystone, shells, crushed rock, etc. See Appendix X2.1.4 This standard is for qualitative application only.NOTE 3When quantitative information is required for detailed de-signs of important structures, this test method must be supplemented byl
9、aboratory tests or other quantitative data to determine performancecharacteristics under expected field conditions.1.5 This standard is the ASTM version of the Unified SoilClassification System. The basis for the classification schemeis the Airfield Classification System developed by A. Casa-grande
10、in the early 1940s.2It became known as the UnifiedSoil Classification System when several U.S. GovernmentAgencies adopted a modified version of the Airfield System in1952.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
11、 of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experienc
12、e and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this do
13、cument be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No.20
14、0) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingC 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesC 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis
15、of Soils1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identification andClassification of Soils.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition app
16、roved in 2000 as D 2487 00.2Casagrande, A., “Classification and Identification of Soils,” Transactions,ASCE, 1948, p. 901.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
17、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFlu
18、idsD 1140 Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stant
19、sD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual
20、Procedure)D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Test-ingD 6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisTABLE 1 Soil Classification ChartSoil ClassificationCrit
21、eria for Assigning Group Symbols and Group Names Using Laboratory TestsAGroupSymbolGroup NameBCOARSE-GRAINED SOILS Gravels(More than 50 %of coarse fraction retained onNo. 4 sieve)Clean Gravels(Less than 5 % finesC)Cu $ 4 and 1 # Cc # 3DGW Well-graded gravelEMore than 50 %retained on No. 200 sieveCu
22、Cc 3DGP Poorly graded gravelEGravels with Fines(More than 12 % finesC)Fines classify as ML or MH GM Silty gravelE,F,GFines classify as CL or CH GC Clayey gravelE,F,GSands(50 % or more of coarsefraction passesNo. 4 sieve)Clean Sands(Less than 5 % finesH)Cu $ 6 and 1 # Cc # 3DSW Well-graded sandICu Cc
23、 3DSP Poorly graded sandISands with Fines(More than 12 % finesH)Fines classify as ML or MH SM Silty sandF,G,IFines classify as CL or CH SC Clayey sandF,G,IFINE-GRAINED SOILS Silts and Clays inorganic PI 7 and plots on or above “A” lineJCL Lean clayK,L,M50 % or morepasses the No.Liquid limitless than
24、 50PI 4 or plots below “A” lineJML SiltK,L,M200 seive organicLiquid limit 2 oven driedLiquid limit 2 not dried 0.75OL Organic clayK,L,M,NOrganic siltK,L,M,OSilts and Clays inorganic PI plots on or above “A” line CH Fat clayK,L,MLiquid limit50 or morePI plots below “A” line MH Elastic siltK,L,Morgani
25、cLiquid limit 2 oven driedLiquid limit 2 not dried 0.75OH Organic clayK,L,M,POrganic siltK,L,M,QHIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS Primarily organic matter, dark in color, and organic odor PT PeatABased on the material passing the 3-in. (75-mm) sieve.BIf field sample contained cobbles or boulders, or both, add “w
26、ith cobbles or boulders, or both” to group name.CGravels with 5 to 12 % fines require dual symbols:GW-GM well-graded gravel with siltGW-GC well-graded gravel with clayGP-GM poorly graded gravel with siltGP-GC poorly graded gravel with clayDCu=D60/D10Cc 5 D30!2/D103 D60EIf soil contains $15 % sand, a
27、dd “with sand” to group name.FIf fines classify as CL-ML, use dual symbol GC-GM, or SC-SM.GIf fines are organic, add “with organic fines” to group name.HSands with 5 to 12 % fines require dual symbols:SW-SM well-graded sand with siltSW-SC well-graded sand with claySP-SM poorly graded sand with siltS
28、P-SC poorly graded sand with clayIIf soil contains $15 % gravel, add “with gravel” to group name.JIf Atterberg limits plot in hatched area, soil is a CL-ML, silty clay.KIf soil contains 15 to 29 % plus No. 200, add “with sand” or “with gravel,” whichever is predominant.LIf soil contains $30 % plus N
29、o. 200, predominantly sand, add “sand ” to group name.MIf soil contains $30 % plus No. 200, predominantly gravel, add “gravelly” to group name.NPI $ 4 and plots on or above “A” line.OPI 4 or plots below “A” line.PPI plots on or above “A” line.QPI plots below “A” line.D 2487 0612E11 Specification for
30、 Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as listed below, all definitions arein accordance with Terminology D 653.NOTE 4For particles retained on a 3-in. (75-mm) U.S. standard sieve,the following definitions are suggested:Cobblesparticles of rock that will pass a
31、 12-in. (300-mm) squareopening and be retained on a 3-in. (75-mm) U.S. standard sieve, andBouldersparticles of rock that will not pass a 12-in. (300-mm) squareopening.3.1.1 claysoil passing a No. 200 (75-m) U.S. standardsieve that can be made to exhibit plasticity (putty-like proper-ties) within a r
32、ange of water contents and that exhibitsconsiderable strength when air dry. For classification, a clay isa fine-grained soil, or the fine-grained portion of a soil, with aplasticity index equal to or greater than 4, and the plot ofplasticity index versus liquid limit falls on or above the “A”line.3.
33、1.2 gravelparticles of rock that will pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 4 (4.75-mm) U.S. standardsieve with the following subdivisions:Coarsepasses 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and retained on34-in.(19-mm) sieve, andFinepasses34-in. (19-mm) sieve and retained on No. 4(4.75-mm) sieve.3.1.3 o
34、rganic claya clay with sufficient organic content toinfluence the soil properties. For classification, an organic clayis a soil that would be classified as a clay except that its liquidlimit value after oven drying is less than 75 % of its liquid limitvalue before oven drying.3.1.4 organic silta sil
35、t with sufficient organic content toinfluence the soil properties. For classification, an organic siltis a soil that would be classified as a silt except that its liquidlimit value after oven drying is less than 75 % of its liquid limitvalue before oven drying.3.1.5 peata soil composed of vegetable
36、tissue in variousstages of decomposition usually with an organic odor, adark-brown to black color, a spongy consistency, and a textureranging from fibrous to amorphous.3.1.6 sandparticles of rock that will pass a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 200 (75-m) U.S. standardsieve with the f
37、ollowing subdivisions:Coarsepasses No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and retained on No.10 (2.00-mm) sieve,Mediumpasses No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve and retained onNo. 40 (425-m) sieve, andFinepasses No. 40 (425-m) sieve and retained on No.200 (75-m) sieve.3.1.7 siltsoil passing a No. 200 (75-m) U.S. standardsieve th
38、at is nonplastic or very slightly plastic and that exhibitslittle or no strength when air dry. For classification, a silt is afine-grained soil, or the fine-grained portion of a soil, with aplasticity index less than 4 or if the plot of plasticity indexversus liquid limit falls below the “A” line.3.
39、2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of curvature, Ccthe ratio (D30)2/(D103 D60), where D60,D30, and D10are the particle sizescorresponding to 60, 30, and 10 % finer on the cumulativeparticle-size distribution curve, respectively.3.2.2 coeffcient of uniformity, Cuthe rat
40、io D60/D10, whereD60and D10are the particle diameters corresponding to 60 and10 % finer on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve,respectively.4. Summary4.1 As illustrated in Table 1, this classification systemidentifies three major soil divisions: coarse-grained soils,fine-grained soils, a
41、nd highly organic soils. These three divi-sions are further subdivided into a total of 15 basic soil groups.4.2 Based on the results of visual observations and pre-scribed laboratory tests, a soil is catalogued according to thebasic soil groups, assigned a group symbol(s) and name, andthereby classi
42、fied. The flow charts, Fig. 1 for fine-grained soils,and Fig. 3 for coarse-grained soils, can be used to assign theappropriate group symbol(s) and name.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard classifies soils from any geographic loca-tion into categories representing the results of prescribedlabora
43、tory tests to determine the particle-size characteristics,the liquid limit, and the plasticity index.5.2 The assigning of a group name and symbol(s) alongwith the descriptive information required in Practice D 2488can be used to describe a soil to aid in the evaluation of itssignificant properties f
44、or engineering use.5.3 The various groupings of this classification system havebeen devised to correlate in a general way with the engineeringbehavior of soils. This standard provides a useful first step inany field or laboratory investigation for geotechnical engineer-ing purposes.5.4 This standard
45、 may also be used as an aid in trainingpersonnel in the use of Practice D 2488.5.5 This standard may be used in combination with PracticeD 4083 when working with frozen soils.NOTE 5Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this standard: The precision of this test method is
46、dependent onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of PracticeD 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance withPractic
47、e D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testingdepends on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means forevaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 In addition to the apparatus that may be required forobtaining and preparing the samples and conducting theprescribed
48、laboratory tests, a plasticity chart, similar to Fig. 4,and a cumulative particle-size distribution curve, similar to Fig.5, are required.NOTE 6The “U” line shown on Fig. 4 has been empirically deter-mined to be the approximate “upper limit” for natural soils. It is a goodcheck against erroneous dat
49、a, and any test results that plot above or to theleft of it should be verified.D 2487 0613FIG. 1 Flow Chart for Classifying Fine-Grained Soil (50 % or More Passes No. 200 Sieve)FIG. 2 Flow Chart for Classifying Organic Fine-Grained Soil (50 % or More Passes No. 200 Sieve)D 2487 0614FIG. 3 Flow Chart for Classifying Coarse-Grained Soils (More Than 50 % Retained on No. 200 Sieve)FIG. 4 Plasticity ChartD 2487 06157. Sampling7.1 Samples shall be obtained and identified in accordancewith a method or methods, recommended in Guide D 420 or
