1、Designation: D2556 11D2556 14Standard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Adhesives Having Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow Properties Using Rotational Viscometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2556; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense
3、.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the apparent viscosity of shear-rate-dependent adhesives.adhesives using arotational viscometer.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.Noother units of measurem
4、ent are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitati
5、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D907 Terminology of Adhesives3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Many terms in this test method are defined in Terminology D907.3.1.2 Newtonian behavior, nthe property of a liquid in which its viscosity is constant over a stated range of st
6、rain rates.(Compare non-Newtonian behavior.)3.1.3 non-Newtonian behavior, nthe property of a liquid in which its viscosity is not constant over a stated range of strainrates.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 apparent viscosity, nresistance to shear at a given rate of shear, ex
7、pressed as viscosity in absolute units. mPas.NOTE 1The SI unit of mPas is equivalent to cP.3.2.2 thixotropic index, nthe ratio of apparent viscosities at two rotational speeds.4. Significance and Use4.1 The principle of measurement is based upon a reversible isothermal change in apparent viscosity w
8、ith change in rate ofshear.shear produced by a change in rotational speed.4.2 Measurement is performed with a spindle, disk, T-bar, or coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer under standardizedconditions with rigid control of the time intervals of measurement. Readings Viscosity readings are obtained
9、 on the viscometer dialscale at the end of 1 min for each rotational speed. Changes from the lowest speed to the highest speed, and return to the lowestspeed, are made without stopping the instrument.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on Adhesives and is the direct re
10、sponsibility of Subcommittee D14.10 on Working Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011March 1, 2014. Published January 2012March 2014. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20052011 asD2556 93a (2005).D2556 11. DOI: 10.1520/D2556-11.10.1520/D2556-14.2 For referenced
11、ASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the use
12、r of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as
13、 published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Apparatus5.1 Rotational ViscometerThe apparatus consists of a spindle,essential instrumentation required providing disk, T
14、-bar, orcoaxial-type viscometer with appropriate spindles, disks, T-bars, or cylinders. Do not use a scored, warped, or otherwise damagedspindle, disk, T-bar, or cylinder. Except when using the coaxial cylinder-type viscometer, the size of container to be used isdetermined by mutual agreement. Some
15、instruments have two concentric scales, and care is to be taken to read the pointer on thecorrect scale.the minimum rotational viscometer analytical capabilities include:5.1.1 A drive motor, to apply a unidirection rotational displacement to the specimen at a rate of 0.2 revolutions per minute to60
16、rev/min constant to within 61%.5.1.2 A force sensor to measure the torque developed by the specimen to within 61%.5.1.3 A coupling shaft or other means to transmit the rotational displacement from the motor to the specimen.5.1.4 A spindle, geometry, tool, or rotational element to fix the specimen be
17、tween the drive shaft and a stationary position.NOTE 2Each rotational element typically covers a range of 1.5 decades of viscosity. The rotational element may be a spindle, disk, T-bar, coaxialcylinder of other configuration selected by mutual agreement among the parties involved.NOTE 3Do not use a
18、scored, warped, or otherwise damaged rotational element.5.1.5 A specimen container with capacity to contain the test specimen during testing.NOTE 4The size of the container used is determined by the size and design of the rotational element used. The container used may be specified bymutual agreemen
19、t among the parties involved.5.1.6 A guard to protect the geometry from mechanical damage.5.1.7 Atemperature sensor to provide an indication of the specimen temperature in the range from 21 to 25C readable to within60.2C.NOTE 5Other temperatures may be used but shall be reported.5.1.8 A data collect
20、ion device to provide a means of acquiring, storing and displaying measured or calculated signals, or both.The minimum output signals required for rotational viscometry are torque, rotational speed, temperature and time.5.1.9 A stand to support, level, and adjust the height of the drive motor, shaft
21、 and rotational element.5.1.10 Auxiliary instrumentation considered necessary or useful in conducting this method includes:5.1.10.1 Data analysis capability to provide viscosity, stress or other useful parameters derived from the measured signals.5.1.10.2 A level to indicate the vertical plumb of th
22、e drive motor, shaft, and spindle.5.2 Supporting Stand4Use a support for the viscometer which consists of a suitable stand with a supporting arm capable ofbeing lowered or raised either manually or mechanically.5.3 ThermometerUse a precision thermometer, with graduations not greater than 0.2C (0.5F)
23、, for temperature measure-ments.6. Conditioning6.1 Condition the adhesive sample and instrument at 23 6 0.5C (73.4 6 1.0F) (or other temperature agreed upon betweenthe adhesive vendor and the purchaser) for at least 16 h. Ifh (see Note 5special conditioning methods are necessary, such as theuse of a
24、 circulating water bath, they shall be noted in the report, see ).8.1.4.7. Procedure7.1 Select a rotational viscometer and spindle (seerotational element Table X1.1), disk, T-bar, or cylinder suited to the viscosityrange of the test material such that the model-speed-rotational rotational speed and
25、rotational element combination will give dialreadings a torque reading between 20 and 80 % of the full-scale reading. Firmly fit the rotational element into the shaft extensionwhich goes down through the center of the dial casing. Place the viscometer on the supporting stand so that the rotational e
26、lementis vertical. Slowly immerse the rotational element in the sample to the depth recommended by the manufacturer of the apparatusor, where this is not clearly indicated, to a depth agreed upon between the adhesive vendor and the purchaser. Take care as therotational element is lowered into the so
27、lution to ensure that no air is trapped under or around it. See full scale.Appendix X1 forexample of spindle selection.7.2 Assemble the motor, shaft, and rotational element and mount them vertically plumb on the stand over the container.7.3 Pour a quantity of the test specimen into the container suf
28、ficient to cover the immersed rotational element.7.4 Slowly immerse the rotational element in the test specimen to the depth recommended by apparatus manufacturer.NOTE 6Other immersion depths may be used but shall be reported.NOTE 7Take care as the rotational element is lowered into the solution to
29、ensure that no air is trapped under or around it.7.5 With the rotational element immersed in the adhesive, start the motor of the viscometer Start the viscometer motor at thelowest rotational speed. Maintain this speed for exactly 1 min. Without stopping the motor, increase the speed to the next ind
30、icatedmeasure of rotation, etc., at 1-min (62 s) intervals, until the maximum readable rotation has been achieved. At the end of 1 minD2556 142at this speed, decrease the revolutions per minute in 1-min intervals until the lowest speed has been reached. Record dial readingsat the end of each minute.
31、60 6 2 s. Record the rotational speed and apparent viscosity.7.6 Without stopping the motor, increase the rotational speed to the next higher setting and maintain this speed for60 s. Record the rotational speed and apparent viscosity.7.7 Repeat step 7.6 until the maximum readable torque(90 % full sc
32、ale) is achieved.7.8 Decrease the rotational speed to the next lower rotational speed setting and maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s. Record therotational speed and the apparent viscosity determined from the measured torque value according to the manufacturers operationsmanual.7.9 Repeat 7.8 until the
33、 lowest speed has been reached.7.10 Using the information obtained in steps 7.5 7.9, prepare a plot of rotational speed versus apparent viscosity.Anon-linearplot indicates the shear-rate dependency of the material.7.11 A plot of rotational speed versus value of apparent viscosity as determined from
34、the dial readings provides evidence as toshear-rate dependency of the material.Avalue of apparent viscosity a function of rotational speed may be obtained from any pointon the curve.7.12 If desired, the thixotropic index (the ratio of apparent viscosities at two rotational speeds) may be determined
35、and reported.NOTE 8The rotational speeds for the measurement of the thixotropic index shall be selected by agreement between supplier and customer. Speedsthat differ by an order of magnitude are commonly selected (for example, 2 and 20 rev/min).8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Dat
36、e of test and complete identification of the adhesive tested, including type, source, manufacturersmanufacturers codenumbers, form, date of manufacture,8.1.2 Name and model number of the instrument used,A complete description of the apparatus used including manufacturer,model, rotational element typ
37、e and number and container dimensions,8.1.3 Number and type of rotational element used,8.1.3 Conditioning procedure employed in preparation of the adhesive for testing, including dimensions of the test container,testspecimen for testing,8.1.4 Time elapsed between various operations in preparation of
38、 the adhesive mixtest specimen and between rotational elementimmersion and start of test,8.1.5 Temperature of the sample during test,test specimen,8.1.6 Depth of immersion of rotating element (if depth not standard), rotational element, and8.1.7 Apparent viscosity in poises or equivalent units assoc
39、iated with the particular equipment at one or more selected rotationalspeeds and whether obtained while increasing or decreasing the rotational speeds.NOTE 1The shear-rate-dependent characteristics of a sample under test may be defined by a so-called “thixotropic index,” which is the ratio ofapparen
40、t viscosities at two different speeds. For example:apparent viscosity at speed 2apparent viscosity at speed 20 580000 cP/20000 cP54 (1)8.1.8 If needed, the thixotropic index at two different speeds. For example:Thixotropic index at 2 and 20 rev/min! = 80 Pas/20 Pas5 48.1.9 The dated version of this
41、standard used.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No precision and bias data are available for this test method.10. Keywords10.1 apparent viscosityviscosity; rotational viscometer; viscometry; viscosityD2556 143APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE OF TABLE FOR VISCOMETER AND SPINDLE SELECTIONREFERENCE
42、S(1) Eirich, F. R., Rheology, Academic Press, 111 5th Ave., New York, NY, 1960.(2) Green, Henry, Industrial Rheology and Rheological Structures, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1949.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any i
43、tem mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical co
44、mmittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
45、meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
46、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.or
47、g). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).3 The Brookfield Synchro-Lectric, Dial Reading or Digital Viscometers (or Rheometers), Ranges Models LV, RV, HA or HB have been found satisfactory for this purposeand are available fro
48、m the Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Middleboro, MA.4 The Brookfield Helipath Stand or other commercially available stands may be used.TABLE X1.1 Recommended Spindles for Brookfield RVF or RVT Dial Reading ViscometerARange, cPB Spindle Speed,r/min FactorC100 to 400 1 20 5400 to 800 1 10 10800
49、to 1 600 2 20 201 600 to 3 200 2 10 403 200 to 4 000 3 20 504 000 to 8 000 4 20 1008 000 to 16 000 4 10 20016 000 to 20 000 3 4 25020 000 to 40 000 4 4 50040 000 to 80 000 4 2 1 00080 000 to 160 000 5 2 2 000160 000 to 200 000 6 4 2 500200 000 to 400 000 6 2 5 000400 000 to 800 000 7 4 10 000800 000 to 2 000 000 7 2 20 000A The above guide may be used for selecting spindles and speeds for the Brookfiled RV-range Digital Viscometers and Rheometers, as well.B If the scale reading is below 20 or above 80, move to the spindle and speed recommended
