1、Designation: D2559 09Standard Specification forAdhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for UseUnder Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONT
3、his specification, which was initially approved in 1966, was developed to ensure that adhesivesdeveloped and used in structural glued laminated timber (glulam) are considered suitable for theintended application. This would include, as a maximum level of severity in the case of moistureeffects, full
4、 and continuous exposure to the weather in a salt water marine environment.The use of adhesives for structural wood products (that is, Engineered Wood Products) hasexpanded beyond Glulam to include products such as Structural Composite Lumber, wood I-Joists andvarious composites adhesively bonded us
5、ing a variety of materials. Although most structural gluedwood products have traditionally specified an adhesive suitable for exterior exposure, the actualexposure of glued wood products to exterior conditions may range from exposure to the weather forbrief periods of time, to continuous exposure to
6、 a marine environment. The wide range of possibleexterior exposures of the adhesively bonded structural wood product requires consideration ofdiffering performance requirements for the adhesive.A distinction between adhesive certification and product performance requirements is necessary toensure th
7、e broadest possible acceptance of adhesive systems to the engineered wood products industry.The suitability of adhesive systems for use in the manufacture of engineered wood products forexterior applications is dependent on both the adhesive certification test requirements specified inSpecification
8、D2559, and performance requirements provided in specific product standards.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for thebonding of wood, including treated wood, into structurallaminated wood products for general construction, for marineuse, or for other uses where a high-strength,
9、 waterproofadhesive bond is required.1.2 The requirements of the adhesive are based on theperformance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measuredby:1.2.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading,1.2.2 Resistance to delamination during accelerated expo-sure to wetting and drying, and1.2.3 Resista
10、nce to deformation under static load.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
11、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsD143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD905 T
12、est Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-woods1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D1
13、4.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D2559 04. DOI:10.1520/D2559-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servicea
14、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D1583 Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration of DryAdhe
15、sive FilmsD2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Val-uesD3535 Test Method for Resistance to Creep Under StaticLoading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhesives UsedUnder Exterior Exposure ConditionsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base Material
16、sD4300 Test Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films toSupport or Resist the Growth of FungiD5266 Practice for Estimating the Percentage of WoodFailure in Adhesive Bonded JointsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE691 Practice for Conducting a
17、n Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in this specification are de-fined in Terminology D907.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 delamination, nthe separation of layers in a lami-nate because of failure of the a
18、dhesive, either in the adhesiveitself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.3.2.2 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-laminatedtimber.NOTE 1The following ASTM standards may be referred to for otherterms used in this specification: Nomenclature D1165, Terminologies D9,E6, and E4
19、1.3.2.3 laminated wood product, na fabricated wood assem-bly resulting from the bonding together of two or morelaminations, all with the direction of grain essentially parallel,to form a larger piece such as a structural member.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe individual laminations themselvesmay be made up of
20、 two or more pieces both in width andlength.3.2.4 structural-glued-laminated timber, nan engineeredstress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-lowing characteristics:
21、 (1) the grain of all laminations isapproximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym: glulam)ANSI/AITC A190.11992. A
22、merican National Standard forWood ProductsStructural Glued Laminated Timber (edited toconform with ASTM format).4. Significance and Use4.1 Structural design based on strength of material prin-ciples of the structural components, including the adhesive andthe adhesives potential durability, requires
23、that the suitabilityfor structural wet use exposure be predicted.4.2 Performance of the adhesive for resistance to shear bycompression loading, resistance to delamination during accel-erated aging exposure to wetting and drying, and resistance todeformation under load data developed by this test aid
24、 indetermining if the adhesive is suitable for structural wet use.5. Classification5.1 The manufacturer shall classify the adhesive as togeneral type. Typical classifications include: resorcinol,phenol-resorcinol, phenol, melamine, etc.5.2 The manufacturer may be considered to be the testingfacility
25、 certifying the adhesive.6. Ordering Information6.1 The manufacturer will furnish the adhesive in anysuitable form agreeable to the purchaser.7. Fillers and Extenders7.1 If amylaceous or protein fillers and extenders are used,the adhesive must not only pass requirements of this specifi-cation, but i
26、n addition, possess sufficient antifungal propertiesto inhibit the growth of selected fungal species when tested inaccordance with Test Method D4300. The adhesive manufac-turer shall state in his bulletin whether such materials arepresent.8. Chemical Requirements8.1 The cured adhesive film shall dev
27、elop a pH value of notless than 2.5 when tested in accordance with Test MethodD1583.9. Physical Requirements9.1 The adhesive manufacturer shall furnish written instruc-tions stating the general chemical type of adhesive, its storageand mixing procedure, the method of wood preparation, andany other d
28、ata which is pertinent to the use of the adhesive inthe manufacture of laminated wood products.9.2 The adhesive must pass the tests required by thisspecification for all limiting conditions recommended in themanufacturers bulletin. The information furnished by themanufacturer should include each of
29、the following for eachspecies of wood included in his recommendations:9.2.1 Limits of working life,9.2.2 Minimum and maximum open and closed assemblytimes as dictated by temperature, moisture content of the wood,mix age, etc.,9.2.3 Minimum spread rates for assembly times and useconditions as indicat
30、ed in 9.2.2,9.2.4 Minimum cure time and temperature of bondline forcomplete cure,9.2.5 Minimum pressure, and9.2.6 Maximum and minimum allowable moisture contentof the wood.10. Selection and Preparation of Wood for Testing ofAdhesives10.1 Test the adhesive on the species of wood to be bondedor for wh
31、ich it is recommended including chemically treatedwood (see Note 2). The wood shall have a maximum slope ofgrain of 1 in 15 on any face or any edge. The wood shallcontain no knots larger than 3 mm (18 in.) in diameter and shallbe free from decay, machining defects (such as chipped grain,D2559 092dub
32、bed ends, feed roll polish, coarse knife marks, and feed rollcompression), and any drying defects such as case hardening,collapse, splits, or checks. Use only flat-grained wood.NOTE 2Grouping of species is not permitted.10.2 Wood Moisture Content:10.2.1 Ambient Curing AdhesivesCondition the wood at2
33、3 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of 50 to 70 %(preferably 65 %) until a moisture content of 8 to 14 % or,preferably 9 to 12 %, has been attained.10.2.2 Hot Press Curing AdhesivesCondition the wood at23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of less than50 % until a moisture content o
34、f 3 to 8 % has been attained.10.3 Freshly surface each lamination before bonding withthe adhesive to be tested. Remove at least 0.4 mm (164 in.)from each face within 24 h of bonding. The machiningtolerances for each lamination used in preparing the testsamples shall be no greater than 60.25 mm (0.01
35、 in.) betweenlaminations and 60.20 mm (0.008 in.) within laminations.11. Preparation of Laminated Wood Test Members11.1 Ambient-Curing Adhesives:11.1.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same species foreach laminated wood member. Each of the six pieces shall havea specific gravity equal to or exceed
36、ing the minimum require-ment of Table 1. Each piece of wood shall be 19-mm (0.75-in.)thick lumber (see Note 3) at least 140 mm (512 in.) in widthand 1 m (40 in.) long. Orient the direction of the annulargrowth rings when viewed on the end of the laminations in thelaminated wood test member so that t
37、hey are alternated.NOTE 3This thickness would normally come from “nominal 1-in.lumber.”11.1.1.1 As an alternative to the preparation of laminatedwood test members 1 m (40 in.) in length, prepare duplicate610-mm (24-in.) laminated wood members to obtain at least anequivalent number of test specimens.
38、 This alternative includesthe preparation of separate two-ply assemblies for evaluationusing Test Method D905 block shear specimens that may beused as an alternate to stair-step specimens.11.1.2 Apply the adhesive uniformly to the contacting facesof each lamination in accordance with the manufacture
39、rsinstructions.11.1.3 Place the laminated wood members under pressurefor a period of time and at the bondline temperature specifiedby the manufacturer of the adhesive.11.1.4 ConditioningCondition the laminated wood mem-bers at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of 50to 70 % (preferably 65
40、 %) for the minimum time recommendedby the manufacturer for each curing temperature used duringthe pressure period, and test immediately.11.2 Hot-Press Curing Adhesives:11.2.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same species foreach laminated test member. Each of the six pieces shall havea specific gr
41、avity equal to or exceeding the minimum require-ment of Table 1. Each piece of wood shall be 19 mm (0.75 in.)thick lumber (see Note 4) at least 140 mm (512 in.) in widthand 1 m (40 in.) long as allowed in 11.1.1.1. Orient thedirection of the annular growth rings when viewed on the endof the laminati
42、ons in the laminated wood test member so thatthey are alternated.NOTE 4This thickness would normally come from “nominal 1 in.lumber.”11.2.1.1 As an alternative to the preparation of laminatedwood test members 1 m (40 in.) in length, prepare duplicate610-mm (24-in.) laminated wood members to obtain a
43、t least anequivalent number of test specimens. This alternative includesthe preparation of separate two-ply assemblies for evaluationTABLE 1 Required Shear Strength for Structural Laminated Wood ProductsNOTE 1For species other than those given, strength values shall be based on 90 % of the value for
44、 shear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content.The use of 90 % of shear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content takes into account the various subspecies of a particular wood species. The valuesfor shear parallel to grain may be found in Tables 4-3a through 44b of the Wood Handbook, Forest Pro
45、ducts Society (1999 edition). Base the minimumallowable specific gravity on volume for wood at 12 % moisture content. For species not listed see Note 3. Adjustments for changes in moisture contentshall be made in accordance with formula 43 (page 434) found in the 1999 Wood Handbook.NOTE 2It has been
46、 documented that bonded shear specimens (Test Method D905 type specimen) on the average provide higher shear strength valuesthan solid wood specimens (Test Methods D143 type specimen). It may appear to be inconsistent to compare shear strength data of bonded specimensto data based on 90 % of the sol
47、id wood shear strength found in the Wood Handbook. However, the goal of evaluating shear strength of adhesives inSpecification D2559 is to demonstrate the shear strength in a laminated product (tested using Test Method D905 type specimens) meets or exceeds thestrength of a solid wood beam when teste
48、d by standard procedures for solid wood (Test Methods D143 type specimen).NOTE 3For species not found in the 1999 Wood Handbook, values for shear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content using solid wood are to beobtained on clear, straight-grained specimens following specific ASTM test methods an
49、d procedures. These include Test Methods D143 and D2555. TestMethods D143 testing is to be performed on a minimum of 28 shear strength specimens.SpeciesRequired Shear Strength, KPa (psi)AMinimum Allowable SpecificGravity of Solid Wood Usedfor Each LaminationBMoisture Content of Wood at Test8% 12% 16%Douglas fir 7 600 (1 110) 7 000 (1 020) 6 500 (940) 0.43Hemlock, western 8 900 (1 290) 8 000 (1 160) 7 200 (1 050) 0.41Larch, western 9 400 (1 370) 8 400 (1 220) 7 600 (1 100) 0.55Oak, white 14 300 (2 080) 12 400 (1 800) 11 000 (1 560) 0.68Pine, southern
