1、Designation: D2559 12a1Standard Specification forAdhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for UseUnder Exterior Exposure Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEParagraph 1.4
3、was corrected editorially in February 2016.INTRODUCTIONThis specification, which was initially approved in 1966, was developed to ensure that adhesivesdeveloped and used in structural glued laminated timber (glulam) are considered suitable for theintended application. This would include, as a maximu
4、m level of severity in the case of moistureeffects, full and continuous exposure to the weather.The use of adhesives for structural wood products has expanded beyond Glulam to include productssuch as Structural Composite Lumber, wood I-Joists and various composites adhesively bonded usinga variety o
5、f materials. Although most structural glued wood products have traditionally specified anadhesive suitable for exterior exposure, the actual exposure of glued wood products to exteriorconditions may range from exposure to the weather for brief periods of time, to continuous exposureto a marine envir
6、onment.A distinction between adhesive certification and product performance requirements is necessary toensure the broadest possible acceptance of adhesive systems.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for thebonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural woodproducts f
7、or general construction or other uses where ahigh-strength, durable adhesive bond is required.1.2 This specification includes test methods that may bereferenced by specific product standards for the evaluation andapproval of structural wood adhesives. Methods are included toevaluate adhesives intend
8、ed for use in exterior exposure.NOTE 1Consult the Commentary in Appendix X1 regarding the intentand limitations of each test method contained in this specification.1.3 Description of Bondline PerformanceIt is recognizedthat structural wood adhesives are used in various applicationsand levels of seve
9、rity in terms of moisture content, loading,cyclic and seasonal weather conditions, heat exposure andother use conditions. It is the intent of this standard todetermine the suitability of an adhesive for use under variouslevels of severity and conditions with specific and appropriatetest methods and
10、requirements.NOTE 2This specification does not contain specific tests outlined fordifferent chemical types of adhesives.1.4 Strength and durability requirements of the adhesive arebased on the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood asmeasured by:1.4.1 Resistance to shear by compression loadin
11、g afterconditioning to the target moisture content indicated in 14.2.3and meeting requirements in 14.4.1.4.2 Resistance to delamination during exposure to threecycles of vacuum pressure wetting followed by drying atelevated temperature as indicated in 15.3 and meeting require-ments in 15.4.1.4.3 Res
12、istance to creep under static load by subjecting testspecimens to a specified shear stress and exposing one set oftest specimens to an environment of elevated temperature andambient humidity and another set to an environment of highhumidity and meeting requirements set forth in 16.3.1.4.4 For applic
13、ations involving chemical treatment, theadhesive shall be evaluated using representative samples oftreated wood.NOTE 3When using chemically treated wood, compatibility betweenthe treatment, adhesive, and wood is to be considered and agreed uponbetween the chemical manufacture and the user.1This spec
14、ification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2559 12. DOI:10.1520/D2559
15、-12AE01.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 4Additional durability testing may also be required as specifiedby individual product standards. Consult the
16、 Commentary in Appendix X1for additional information and guidance as to the type of durability testingthat may be appropriate to supplement this specification when character-izing the adhesive for suitability with specific wood products.1.5 The evaluation of adhesives for use in ground contactand ma
17、rine exposures are beyond the scope of this specifica-tion.1.6 The evaluation of binder adhesives is beyond the scopeof this specification.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.8 The text of this specification refere
18、nces notes, footnotesand a commentary which provide explanatory material. Thesenotes, footnotes and commentary (excluding those in tablesand figures) shall not be considered as requirements of thespecification.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associate
19、d with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsD143 T
20、est Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-woodsD1583 Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration of DryAdhesive FilmsD2555 Pra
21、ctice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength ValuesD3535 Test Method for Resistance to Creep Under StaticLoading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhesives UsedUnder Exterior Exposure ConditionsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4300 Test Methods
22、 for Ability of Adhesive Films toSupport or Resist the Growth of FungiD5055 Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Struc-tural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-JoistsD5266 Practice for Estimating the Percentage of WoodFailure in Adhesive Bonded JointsD5456 Specification for Evaluation of St
23、ructural CompositeLumber ProductsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in this specification are de-fined
24、in Terminologies D9 and D907.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 delamination, nthe separation of layers in a laminatebecause of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesive itselfor at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.3.2.2 engineered wood product, na prod
25、uct consisting of acombination of smaller wood-based components bonded to-gether using a structural adhesive and designed using engineer-ing methods; an alternative to traditional sawn lumber.3NOTE 5The following ASTM standards may be referred to for otherterms used in this specification: Nomenclatu
26、re D1165, and TerminologiesD9, E6, and E41.3.2.3 exterior exposure, nservice environment that causephysical and chemical changes similar to that observed fromweathering in which a wood product, including any adhesivebondlines, is subjected to weathering, including but not limitedto: rain, snow, heat
27、, cold and ultraviolet radiation and theircyclic or seasonal effects.3.2.4 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-laminatedtimber.3.2.5 structural-glued-laminated timber, nan engineeredstress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamin
28、a-tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations isapproximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or
29、 ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym: glulam)ANSI/AITC A190.12007. American National Standard forWood ProductsStructural Glued Laminated Timber (edited toconform with ASTM format).3.2.6 weathering, na complex series of physical andchemical changes occurring in wood products, includi
30、ng butnot limited to, checking, dimension stability and chemicaldecomposition as well as a change in adhesive bondlineintegrity related to the natural swelling and shrinking stresseswhen exposing to the natural elements such as air, water, lightand man-made pollutants.4. Significance and Use4.1 Stru
31、ctural design based on strength of material prin-ciples of the structural components, including the adhesive andthe adhesives potential durability, requires that the suitabilityfor structural exterior exposure be predicted.4.2 Performance of the adhesive for resistance to shear bycompression loading
32、, resistance to delamination during accel-erated aging, exposure to wetting and drying, and resistance tocreep under load data developed by this test aid in determiningif the adhesive is suitable for use in structural wood productsunder conditions of exterior exposure.2For referenced ASTM standards,
33、 visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3American Forest and Paper Association, American Wood Council, EngineeredWood Products At a
34、Glance, http:/www.woodaware.info/guideewp.html.D2559 12a124.3 Test methods specified in the scope of this specificationare intended to provide the minimum basis for determining thesuitability of an adhesive for use in exterior exposure condi-tions.NOTE 6Product-specific standards should be consulted
35、 for test meth-ods applicable to desired service conditions, and appropriate criteria incontext with anticipated in-service product performance requirements.4.4 Test methods indicated for approval and certification ofadhesives can be useful to adhesive manufacturers, testinglaboratories, quality con
36、trol agencies, architects, specifiers,other professionals and the general public.4.5 The suitability of adhesive systems for use in themanufacture of engineered wood products for exterior appli-cations is dependent on both the adhesive certification testrequirements specified in this specification,
37、and performancerequirements provided in specific product standards.4.6 This specification does not purport to address all testcriteria required to fully identify the suitability of the adhesivein a structural wood product.5. Classification5.1 The manufacturer shall classify the adhesive as togeneral
38、 type. Typical classifications include, but are not limitedto: resorcinol, phenol-resorcinol, phenol, melamine, structuralpolyurethane, emulsion polymer isocyanate, etc.5.2 The manufacturer may be considered to be the testingfacility certifying the adhesive.6. Ordering Information6.1 The manufacture
39、r will furnish the adhesive in anysuitable form agreeable to the purchaser.7. Fillers and Extenders7.1 If amylaceous or protein fillers and extenders are used,the adhesive must not only pass requirements of thisspecification, but in addition, possess sufficient antifungalproperties to inhibit the gr
40、owth of selected fungal species whentested in accordance with Test Methods D4300. The adhesivemanufacturer shall state in his bulletin whether such materialsare present.8. Chemical Requirements8.1 The cured adhesive film shall develop a pH value of notless than 2.5 when tested in accordance with Tes
41、t MethodD1583.9. Physical Requirements9.1 The adhesive manufacturer shall furnish written instruc-tions stating the general chemical type of adhesive, its storageand mixing procedure, the method of wood preparation, andany other data which is pertinent to the use of the adhesive inthe manufacture of
42、 laminated wood products.9.2 The adhesive must pass the tests required by thisspecification for all limiting conditions recommended in themanufacturers bulletin. The information furnished by themanufacturer should include each of the following for eachspecies of wood included in his recommendations:
43、9.2.1 Limits of working life,9.2.2 Minimum and maximum open and closed assemblytimes as dictated by temperature, moisture content of the wood,mix age, etc.,9.2.3 Minimum spread rates for assembly times and useconditions as indicated in 9.2.2,9.2.4 Minimum cure time and temperature of bondline forcom
44、plete cure,9.2.5 Minimum pressure, and9.2.6 Maximum and minimum allowable moisture contentof the wood.10. Selection and Preparation of Wood for Testing ofAdhesives10.1 Test the adhesive on the species of wood to be bondedor for which it is recommended including chemically treatedwood (see Note 7). T
45、he wood shall have a maximum slope ofgrain of 1 in 15 on any face or any edge. The wood shallcontain no knots larger than 3 mm (18 in.) in diameter and shallbe free from decay, machining defects (such as chipped grain,dubbed ends, feed roll polish, coarse knife marks, and feed rollcompression), and
46、any drying defects such as case hardening,collapse, splits, or checks. Use only flat-grained wood.NOTE 7Grouping of species is not permitted.10.2 Wood Moisture Content:10.2.1 Ambient Curing AdhesivesCondition the wood at23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of 50 to 70 %(preferably 65 %) unt
47、il a moisture content of 8 to 14 % or,preferably 9 to 12 %, has been attained.10.2.2 Hot Press Curing AdhesivesCondition the wood at23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of less than50 % until a moisture content of 3 to 8 % has been attained.10.3 Freshly surface each lamination before bondin
48、g withthe adhesive to be tested. Remove at least 0.4 mm (164 in.)from each face within 24 h of bonding. The machiningtolerances for each lamination used in preparing the testsamples shall be no greater than 60.25 mm (0.01 in.) betweenlaminations and 60.20 mm (0.008 in.) within laminations.11. Prepar
49、ation of Laminated Wood Test Members11.1 Ambient-Curing Adhesives:11.1.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same species foreach laminated wood member. Each of the six pieces shall havea specific gravity equal to or exceeding the minimum require-ment of Table 1. Each piece of wood shall be 19-mm (0.75-in.)thick lumber (see Note 8) at least 140 mm (512 in.) in widthand 1 m (40 in.) long. Orient the direction of the annulargrowth rings when viewed on the end of the laminations in thelaminated wood test member so that they are alternated.NOTE 8This th
