1、Designation: D 2590 98 (Reapproved 2006)e1Standard Test Method forSampling Chrysotile Asbestos1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2590; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAdjunct information was editorially corrected in October 2006.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for taking a com-posite or a m
3、aster composite sample, at the mine or at thefactory or from a consignment, of a lot of milled asbestos fiberused as raw material in the chrysotile asbestos industry,conditioning this sample and reducing it in quantity through aseries of steps to provide a relatively small test specimen ofloose asbe
4、stos fibers, representative of the lot and suitable forthe determination of a single property.1.2 This sampling method is suitable for taking test speci-mens of chrysotile asbestos for Test Methods: C 1119, C 1120,C 1121, C 1122, C 1123, C 1124, C 1125, C 1162, D 1118,D 2589, D 2752, D 2946, D 2947,
5、 D 2985, D 2987, D 3639,D 3752 and D 3880.1.3 Test Method D 3879 covers the sampling of amphiboleasbestos fibers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
6、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1119 Test Method for Vacuum Drai
7、nage of Asbestos-Cement MixesC 1120 Test Method for Wash Test of AsbestosC 1121 Test Method for Turner and Newall (T and N)Wet-Length Classification of AsbestosC 1122 Test Method for Wet Volume of AsbestosC 1123 Test Method for Compressibility and Recovery ofAsbestosC 1124 Test Method for Kerosene R
8、etention of AsbestosC 1125 Test Method for Penetration Index of AsbestosC 1162 Test Method for Loose Density of AsbestosD 1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD 2589 Test Method for McNett Wet Classification of DualAsbestos FiberD 2752 Test Methods for Air Perme
9、ability of AsbestosFibersD 2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsD 2947 Test Method for ScreenAnalysis ofAsbestos FibersD 2985 Test Method for Color of AsbestosD 2987 Test Method for Moisture Content of AsbestosFiberD 3639 Test Method for Classification of Asbestos byQuebec Standar
10、d TestD 3752 Test Method for Strength Imparted byAsbestos to aCementitious MatrixD 3879 Test Method for Sampling Amphibole AsbestosD 3880 Test Method for Asbestos Strength Units2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Laboratory Filter Drawings33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bagany quantity of asbestos fiber correspo
11、nding toone particular grade that is packed in a suitable container.NOTE 1In the asbestos industry, the typical quantity contained in abag is 45 kg (100 lb approximately).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibi
12、lity of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos-Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2590 98 (2002)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
13、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD2590.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
14、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 composite samplea set of unit samples of asbestosfiber (drawn systematically or at random) taken from a lot,comprising not less than two and not more than 200 bags, foruse in the laboratory as a test sample; that is as a source of testspec
15、imens.3.1.3 conditioningprocess by which the fiber is put intoproper condition to be tested. This can be done by hand(Method A) or mechanically (Method B).3.1.4 fines, nin asbestos, the class of material having thesmallest range of particle size that is segregated by particle sizeclassification of a
16、sbestos by any relevant test method. Custom-arily the fraction that passes through the finest aperture screenused in Test Method D 2589 for McNett classification ofasbestos fiber.3.1.5 gradeasbestos fiber that has the same chemical,physical, and mechanical properties and which is designated bya part
17、icular code corresponding to any given specifications.3.1.6 handfulas much fiber as the hand can contain.3.1.7 lotnot less than two and not more than 2000 bags ofasbestos fiber of the same type and grade offered at any onetime for delivery or testing.3.1.8 master composite samplenot less than two an
18、d notmore than ten composite samples so combined and reduced asto form a test sample that represents a lot that consists of morethan 200 bags but not more than 2000 bags.3.1.9 milled asbestos, nall grades of asbestos that arerecovered as the result of mechanical comminution and screenclassification
19、or air classification of asbestos ore.3.1.10 pinchas much fiber as can be taken up between thetips of the index finger and thumb.3.1.11 random samplethe composite sample is random ifeach individual bag in the lot being examined has an equalchance of being included in the sample.3.1.12 referee sample
20、a sample on which acceptability isbased.Acceptability will be based on a composite sample if thelot is 200 bags or less, or on a master composite sample if over200 bags, but not in excess of 2000 bags.3.1.13 shipmentany consignment formed of one or sev-eral lots of asbestos fiber.3.1.14 systematic s
21、amplethe composite sample is system-atic if it is formed of every kth bag of the lot to be examined.3.1.15 test specimenthe specific portion of a test sampleupon which a test is to be performed, and that is obtained bysystematically reducing the size of the sample until a repre-sentative specimen of
22、 the required mass is obtained.3.1.16 unit samplea sample drawn from one bag.3.1.17 Additional definitions are contained in TerminologyD 2946.4. Significance and Use4.1 Sampling and conditioning are equally as important astesting. The reliability of the test results depends primarilyupon how well th
23、e specimens tested represent the true charac-ter and condition of the lot of asbestos fiber. Much care andeffort are required to be sure that all the sampling operationsare systematic or at random and are representative. Failure toprovide a test specimen that accurately represents the lot fromwhich
24、it is drawn will produce misleading test results regard-less of the accuracy and the precision of the test method.5. Apparatus5.1 Clean Containers, approximately 28-L (1-ft3) capacity,one for each composite sample of fiber.5.2 Horizontal Area with a smooth surface.5.3 Balances, of various capacities
25、 depending on the size ofthe test specimen required, that is, from 2.5 kg (5 lb) down. SeeFig. 3 of Test Method D 3879.5.4 Laboratory Fiber Conditioner (Method B), see Fig. 1.35.5 Fiber Mold (Method B), see Fig. 2.5.6 Fiber Press (Method B), see Fig. 3.FIG. 1 Laboratory Fiber ConditionerD 2590 98 (2
26、006)e125.7 A combination fiber press and two-stage fiber condi-tioner is illustrated in Fig. 4.5.8 Source of Random Numbers.5.9 Rolling Sheet.6. Procedure for Test Specimens6.1 Sprinkle the conditioned and mixed sample as obtainedin 9.3, on a smooth and clean area in order to obtain a flat pileof ap
27、proximately 50 to 70 mm (2 to 3 in.) thick.6.2 Quarter the 2.5-kg (5-lb) sample, placing aside the fullthickness of two diametrically opposite quarters for storage.6.3 Reblend the remaining 1.25 kg (2.5 lb) by coning orrolling the fiber by means of the rolling sheet, spread it outevenly 25 to 35 mm
28、(112 to 1 in.) thick, quarter, and use twodiametrically opposite quarters for the Quebec standard testspecimen sample in accordance with Test Method D 3639.6.4 Reblend remainder by coning or rolling and spread onthe smooth and clean surface to form a flat pile approximately15 to 25 mm (12 to 1 in.)
29、thick.6.5 Select a test specimen by taking pinches from randomlocations of the pile until a sample is obtained that will requireminimum adjustment to the desired weight.NOTE 2As pinches are taken, care must be exercised that each pinchcontains the total cross section of the pile from top to bottom a
30、t the pointit is taken, including any grit or fines which may have segregated to thebottom.7. Procedure for a Composite Sample7.1 Divide the shipment into as many lots as necessary, eachlot corresponding to any one type or grade of fiber. When largequantities must be sampled, where access to the ind
31、ividualbags is limited, and where restacking of the lot is impossible orimplies unreasonable expense, the method for limited accessi-bility sampling described in Appendix X1 may be used ifagreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.(WarningWhen handling asbestos fibers, avoid creatingdust. Pr
32、olonged breathing of significant airborne concentra-tions of asbestos dust may cause serious bodily harm.)7.2 Prepare a 2.5-kg (5-lb) composite sample from each lotconsisting of 200 bags or part thereof (the number of bags inthe lot being designated by N), by taking 20 handfuls (approxi-mately 125 g
33、 or 4 oz), one in every N/20th bag of the lot(systematic sample), or one in 20 different bags taken atrandom, using the source of random numbers.NOTE 3If the need for a larger sample is foreseen, a larger compositesample may be prepared.7.3 Master Composite Samples:7.3.1 When a lot exceeds 200 bags,
34、 but not 2000 bags,composite samples may be combined into one master compos-ite sample at the discretion of the tester.7.3.2 Prepare a 2.5-kg (5-lb) sample from the master com-posite sample by quartering it, placing aside the full thicknessof two diametrically opposite quarters, and reblending there
35、mainder by coning. Continue this quartering until a 2.5-kg(5-lb) sample is obtained.FIG. 2 Fiber MoldFIG. 3 Fiber PressD 2590 98 (2006)e137.4 The 2.5-kg (5-lb) sample will be used as the source oftest specimens for each individual test.7.5 The samples shall be kept in closed containers placed incove
36、red storage, ready for subsequent conditioning and mix-ing. In the case of samples intended for moisture determina-tion, use moisture-proof containers and protect them fromtemperature changes.8. Test Conditions8.1 Each sample shall be allowed to come to equilibriumwith workroom temperature and humid
37、ity except in the case ofsamples intended for moisture determinations.8.2 Moisture content of sample should not exceed 3 % asdetermined by Test Method D 2987.9. Conditioning and Mixing9.1 Spread the sample as obtained in Section 6, on a smoothand clean area.9.2 Conditioning:9.2.1 Conditioning by Han
38、d (Method A)Condition thesample by passing the fiber through the hands with gentlerubbing in order to break up lumps and separate clots. Takecare not to break up fiber agglomerates consisting of close-packed fibers in parallel orientation (such as the four largestagglomerates listed in Table 3 of Te
39、rminology D 2946.9.2.2 Mechanical Conditioning (Method B)For best re-sults, it is recommended that the fiber be conditioned by meansof the laboratory fiber conditioner.9.2.2.1 Break up by hand all large lumps contained in thecomposite sample.9.2.2.2 Put into the fiber mold 0.6 to 0.7 kg (114 to 112
40、lb)of fiber, free of large lumps.9.2.2.3 Place the mold in the fiber press and apply com-pressed air to yield a total force of 1900 6 200 kg (4200 6 500lb) for 1 min to form a fiber cake. The piston diameter of thefiber press, specified in Fig. 3, is 200 mm (71516 in.).9.2.2.4 Release the pressure a
41、nd remove the pressed fibercake, whole, by pushing it out with the piston of the mold.9.2.2.5 Feed the pressed fiber cake into the laboratory fiberconditioner operating at 525 6 25 rpm.NOTE 4Break Group 3 fiber cake, as determined by Method D 3639,into three or four pieces before feeding it into the
42、 conditioner to preventjamming.9.2.2.6 If a two-stage fiber conditioner is used, pass portionsof the composite sample through the conditioner, using choke-feeding, until the whole test sample has been conditioned. If asingle-stage conditioner is used, pass the whole test sampletwice through the cond
43、itioner, using choke-feeding on thesecond pass.9.2.2.7 Break by hand any lumps remaining after the secondconditioner pass.9.3 MixingAfter conditioning, mix the sample thoroughlyby passing the fiber through the hands with a gentle shakingmotion.FIG. 4 Combination Fiber Press and Two-Stage Fiber Condi
44、tionerD 2590 98 (2006)e1410. Report10.1 If a sampling report is necessary, include a statement asto how the samples were drawn (systematically or at random)and conditioned (Method A or B). Fully identify the samplewith the lot that it represents.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Careful attention to the pr
45、ocedure of sampling, sub-sampling, and conditioning will produce test specimens thatare representative of the original material.12. Keywords12.1 asbestos; chrysotile; referee sample; sample; sampling;test specimenAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. LIMITED ACCESSIBILITY SAMPLINGX1.1 PreambleX1.1.1
46、 For meaningful and accurate results, the completeunsimplified procedure is recommended for referee purposes.However, when it is impractical to comply with its require-ments and when mutually agreed to by the parties concerned,the following simplifications are permitted:X1.2 PrincipleX1.2.1 The prin
47、ciple upon which sampling may be simpli-fied is the application of the same specimen selection criteria todesignated accessible portions of the pile, which portions shallbe most nearly representative of the bags within the pile.X1.2.2 The portions of the pile prescribed may include all ofthe exposed
48、 accessible surface layer of bags.X1.2.3 In cases where the pile of bags was stacked in aknown order, and one or more of the exposed accessiblesurfaces of the pile of bags are known to contain a represen-tative array of lots from which the pile is composed, then selectthe samples from these surfaces
49、 to the neglect of otheraccessible, but less representative surfaces of the pile.NOTE X1.1The common practice in the asbestos-producing industryis to form large piles of bags of the same grade by stacking pallet loads inorderly rows in such a sequence that one exposed surface of the pile willcontain a representative array of pallet loads from each production lot.Thesurface occupied by each lot is proportional to the volume of each lot.X1.2.4 In cases where the pile of bags was not stacked in aknown order, divide the accessible surface, or surfaces,
