1、Designation: D2646 11Standard Test Methods forBacking Fabric Characteristics of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the procedures listed asfollows for testing woven, knitted and nonwoven backingfabrics designed for
3、 use in the manufacture of pile yarn floorcoverings. The procedures appear in the following order:SectionBow and Skewness of Woven Fabrics 8Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics 15Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics 16Extractable Matter 9Fabric Count of Woven Fabrics 12
4、Fabric Count of Knitted Fabrics 13Length of Woven Fabrics 11Mass per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabrics 14ShrinkageHot Wet Method 17ShrinkageHot Dry Method 18Width of Woven Fabrics 101.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathema
5、ticalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
6、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD3773 Test Methods for Length of
7、 Woven FabricD3774 Test Method for Width of Textile FabricD3775 Test Method for Warp (End) and Filling (Pick)Count of Woven FabricsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven andKnitted FabricsD3887 Specification for Tolerances for Knitted F
8、abricsD5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongationof Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)D5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to Pile Floor Coverings,D13.21, refer to Terminology D5684.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this st
9、andard:backing fabric, carpet, dents per unit width, extractable matter,finished, finished pile yarn floor covering, floor covering,nonwoven fabric, pile, pile yarn floor covering, shrinkage,textile floor covering, tufted fabric, wale, wires per unit width.3.2 For all other terminology related to te
10、xtiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Methods, General4.1 A summary of the directions prescribed for the determi-nation of specific properties is stated in the appropriate sectionsof specific test methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods may be used for acceptance testingo
11、f commercial shipments; however, caution is advised becauseinformation about between interlaboratory precision is incom-plete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more
12、),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isstatistical bias between them using competent statistical assis-tance. As a minimum, use test samples for such comparativetests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the samelot of material as the samples that resulted in the
13、disparateresults during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned inequal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test resultsfrom the laboratories should be compared using statistical testfor unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the1These test methods are under the jurisdi
14、ction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile FloorCoverings.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D2646 05. DOI:10.1520/D2646-11.2For referenced
15、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
16、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be foundand corrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 These test methods are useful to evaluate quality andcost control during the manufact
17、ure of pile yarn floor covering.5.3 The significance and uses of particular properties andtest methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of thespecified test methods.6. Sampling6.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls or pieces, as directed in a
18、napplicable material specification or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or pieces ofmaterial to be the primary sampling units. In the absence ofsuch agreement, take one roll or piece from the lot to be tested.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement
19、between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls or pieces of floor covering and between specimens from aroll or pieces of floor covering to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting q
20、uality level.6.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take asample from a roll approximately 1.5 yd (1.5 m) long extend-ing the width of the material from each roll or piece in the lot,unless otherwise specified in the specific test method. For rollsof floor covering, take a sample that will exc
21、lude fabric fromthe outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core.6.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,take three specimens with the longer direction parallel to themachine direction, unless otherwise specified in the specifictest method. Consider the long direction as the
22、 direction of test.7. Conditioning7.1 Condition the specimens as directed in Practice D1776D1776in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is21 6 1C (70 6 2F) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity, for 24h or until the specimen mass changes no more than 0.1 % in 2h, except the specimens used fo
23、r the determination of bow andskew (Section 8), width (Section 10), length (Section 11), andfabric count (Section 12), which may be tested without eitherpreconditioning or conditioning. Specimens for the tests listedmay be merely air-dried under prevailing room conditions.NOTE 2Using these condition
24、s may not result in the product obtainingmoisture and temperature equilibrium.TEST METHODS8. Bow and Skewness in Woven and Knitted Fabrics8.1 Determine the bow and skewness of backing fabrics forpile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Method D3882.9. Extractable Matter9.1 Determine the extract
25、able matter that was added to thebacking fabric for pile yarn floor covering as directed in TestMethod D2257.10. Width of Woven Fabrics10.1 Determine the width of woven backing fabrics for pileyarn floor coverings as directed in Test Methods D3774. Thechoice of the test options of measurement in det
26、ermining widthshall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.10.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D3887.11. Length of Woven Fabrics11.1 Determine the length of woven fabrics used as backingfabrics in pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test MethodsD3773. The choice of the
27、 test options of measurement indetermining the fabric length shall be agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier.11.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D3887.12. Fabric Count of Woven Fabrics12.1 Determine the fabric count for woven backing fabricsfor pile yarn floor coverings as dire
28、cted in Test Method D3775.13. Fabric Count of Knitted Fabrics13.1 Determine the fabric count for knitted backing fabricsfor pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Method D3887.14. Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabrics14.1 Determine the mass per unit area (weight) of wovenfabric for bac
29、king fabrics for pile yarn floor coverings asdirected in Test Methods D3776.14.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D3887.15. Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics15.1 Determine the breaking force of woven and nonwovenbacking fabrics, of pile yarn floor coverings as directed in TestMet
30、hods D5034 using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) typetensile testing machine with the speed of the pulling jaw 12 60.5 in./min (300 6 10 mm/min).16. Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven andNonwoven Fabrics16.1 Determine the breaking force of woven and nonwovenbacking fabrics of pile yarn floor c
31、overings as directed in TestMethods D5034 using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) typetensile testing machine with the speed of the pulling jaw 12 60.5 in./min (300 6 10 mm/min).NOTE 3The tuft conditions with respect to pile height, gage, stitchesper inch (stitches per millimetre), pile yarn charac
32、teristics, and tuftingneedles style must be agreed upon by all parties concerned. Usingagreed-upon conditions, tuft sufficient backing fabric to secure therequired number of test specimens.17. ShrinkageHot Wet Method17.1 Scope:17.1.1 This test method determines the shrinkage of woven,nonwoven, or kn
33、itted backing fabrics for pile yarn floorcovering after exposure to hot wet conditions.17.2 Summary of Test Method:17.2.1 The backing fabric warp yarns and filling picks arefirst measured to a specific length. The fabric then is immersedin hot distilled or deionized water and remeasured. Theshrinkag
34、e is calculated as the change in length expressed as apercentage of the length before immersion.17.3 Significance and Use:D2646 11217.3.1 Test Methods D2646 for testing backing fabricshrinkage in hot wet conditions is considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric be
35、causethe test method has been used extensively in the trade for thatpurpose.17.4 Apparatus:17.4.1 Metal or Glass Pan, approximately 13 by 13 in. (330by 330 mm) by 1 in. (25 mm) deep.17.4.2 Circulating Air Oven, controlled at 158 6 4F (70 62C).17.4.3 Staple Gun, such as those used for stapling statio
36、neryor any other device that will produce a suitable waterproofmark.17.4.4 Reagent, anionic wetting agent such as sodium laurylsulphate.17.5 Number of Specimens:17.5.1 Take three specimens approximately 12 by 12 in.(300 by 300 mm). Take no specimen closer than 10 in. (250mm) to the selvage and no cl
37、oser than 1 yd (m) from the endof the roll. For woven fabrics take no specimen containing thesame warp yarns or the same filling picks and cut all specimensparallel to the warp and the filling.17.6 Preparation of Specimens:17.6.1 Lay out the specimens without tension on a flat,horizontal surface, ta
38、king care that there are no wrinkles orcreases. Place a staple in the specimen or a waterproof markabout 1 in. (25 mm) on it from one edge. Measure 10 6 0.1 in.(250 6 2 mm) directly along one principle direction of thespecimen and place a second staple or mark. Repeat thisprocedure along the other p
39、rinciple direction.17.7 Procedure:17.7.1 Place the specimens in the pan and cover them witha solution of 0.1 % wetting agent in distilled or deionized waterat 77 6 2C (170 6 4F) to a depth of approximately 1 in. (25mm), and soak the specimens for 1 h.17.7.2 Drain off the wetting solution. Place the
40、specimenson paper towels or blotting paper to remove the excesssolution. Do not squeeze or press.17.7.3 Place the specimens flat on a screen and dry in anoven for at least4hat706 2C (158 6 4F). Remove thespecimens from the oven and recondition as directed inPractice D1776. Remeasure the specimens in
41、 both directions asdirected in 22.1.17.8 Calculation:17.8.1 Average the measurements of the distance betweenthe marks for each direction of the specimen before and aftertreatment. Calculate the shrinkage in percent by Eq 1 and Eq 2as follows:Shrinkage, % 5 L12 Lf!/L1# 3 100 (1)Shrinkage, % 5 W12 Wf!
42、/W1# 3 100 (2)where:L1= average original length,Lf= average final length,W1= average original width, andWf= average final width.17.9 Report:17.9.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethods D2646 for shrinkage to hot wet conditions and reportthe following information:17.9.2 The s
43、hrinkage in the form of shrinkage or growth,and17.9.3 The percent change in length and in width for eachlaboratory sample.17.10 Precision and Bias:17.10.1 PrecisionBased on limited information fromwithin (one) laboratory, two technicians, the repeatabilitystandard deviation and the 95 % repeatabilit
44、y limits are ap-proximately 0.153 and 0.429 respectively. The intermediateprecision standard deviations and the 95 % intermediate pre-cision limits are approximately 0.197 and 0.552 respectively.17.10.2 BiasThe procedure for shrinkagehot wetmethod for backing fabrics of pile yarn floor coverings has
45、 noknown bias and may be used for referee purposes.18. ShrinkageHot Dry Method18.1 Scope:18.1.1 This test method determines the shrinkage of woven,nonwoven, or knitted backing fabrics for pile yarn floorcovering after exposure to hot dry conditions.18.2 Summary of Test Method:18.2.1 The backing fabr
46、ic warp yarns and filling picks arefirst measured to a specific length. The fabric is then exposedto dry heat and remeasured. The shrinkage is calculated as thechange in length expressed as a percentage of the length beforeexposure.18.3 Significance and Use:18.3.1 Test Methods D2646 for testing back
47、ing fabricshrinkage in hot dry conditions is considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric becausethe test method has been used extensively in the trade for thatpurpose.18.4 Apparatus:18.4.1 Circulating Air Oven, maintained at specified tem-perature within 6 2C (6 4
48、F).18.4.2 Staple Gun, such as those used for stapling stationeryor any other device that will produce a suitable waterproofmark.18.5 Number of Specimens:18.5.1 Take three specimens as directed in 17.5.1.18.6 Preparation of Specimens:18.6.1 Prepare specimens as directed in 17.6.1.18.7 Procedure:18.7.
49、1 Place the specimens on a perforated shelf in an ovencontrolled at a specified or agreed-upon temperature within 62C (6 4F) and heat for 15 min. In the absence of a specifiedor agreed-upon temperature, use 125 6 2C (257 6 4F).18.7.2 Remove specimens from the oven and condition asdirected in Test Method D1776.18.7.3 Remeasure the specimens as directed in 17.6.1.18.8 Calculation:18.8.1 Calculate the results as directed in 17.8.1.18.9 Report:18.9.1 Report the information and results as directed in17.9.D2646 11318.10 Precision and Bias3:18.10.1 Precis
