1、Designation: D2687 95 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practices forSampling Particulate Ion-Exchange Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices2cover procedures for obtaining repre-sentative samples of ion-exchange materials. The followingpractices are
3、included:SectionsPractice ASampling from a Single Package andMultiple Package Lots or Shipments 4 to 11Practice BSampling from Fixed Bed Ion-ExchangeEquipment Having Unrestricted Head Room 12 to 16Practice CSampling from Fixed Bed Ion-ExchangeEquipment Having Restricted Head Room 17 to 211.2 This st
4、andard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
5、 ASTM Standards:3C183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing ofHydraulic CementD1129 Terminology Relating to Water3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain terms in these practices that relateto ion exchange are defined in Terminology D1129.PRACTICE ASAMPLING FROM A SINGLEPACKAGE AND MULTIPLE PA
6、CKAGE LOTS ORSHIPMENTS4. Summary of Practice4.1 A hollow, sample-probe guide that is comprised ofmating threaded sections and that can be extended to anyconvenient length by the addition of more sections, is insertedinto an ion-exchange unit. A sampling tube is inserted throughthe probe guide and is
7、 connected to a vacuum source. Ion-exchange material is removed by eduction.Acore sampler alsomay be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice will be used most frequently to samplematerials as received from the manufacturer in the originalshipping container and prior to any resin-conditioning p
8、roce-dure. Since certain ion-exchange materials are supplied by themanufacturer in the dry or free-flowing state whereas others aresupplied moist, it is necessary to employ two different sam-pling devices. Therefore, this practice is divided into SamplingProcedureDry or Free-Flowing Material (Sectio
9、n 8), andSampling ProcedureMoist Material (Section 9).5.2 Once the sample is obtained, it is necessary to protectthe ion-exchange materials from changes. Samples should beplaced in sealable, gasproof containers immediately.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling Devices, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.NOTE 1The sam
10、pling devised described in Fig. 2 is the same as thatused in Practice C183.6.2 Sealable, Gasproof Containers, for sample storage.6.3 Sample Quartering MaterialsA0.5 by 0.5 m (20 by 20in.) sheet of glazed paper, oil cloth, or flexible plastic film.7. Kind and Number of Samples7.1 For a representative
11、 sample from a single package, aminimum of three probes or increments should be taken withthe sampling device.7.2 For a representative sample from a multiple package lotor shipment:7.2.1 If the markings on the package indicate the material tobe sampled is from a single lot (batch or manufacturing ru
12、n),the number of packages selected shall be not less than 10 % ofthe packages received. When less than 30 packages arereceived, a minimum of three packages shall be chosen atrandom for sampling. If a single lot contains more than 30packages and the order of filling is designated on the packages,the
13、first, last, and middle packages shall be sampled. If theresults of the analysis of these three samples agree within the1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current ed
14、ition approved May 15, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2687 95 (2007)1.DOI: 10.1520/D2687-95R16.2These practices were developed from activities within ASTM Committee D19.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
15、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1limits of pr
16、ecision of the test methods used, further samplesfrom the lot need not be taken. If they are not in agreement,additional samples may be taken at the option of the partiesconcerned. When the entire shipment oran entire lot consists ofthree packages or less, a sample shall be taken from eachpackage. T
17、he number of samples taken with the samplingdevice should not be less than three per individual package.7.2.2 If the shipment consists of more than one lot (batch ormanufacturing run) of material, sample each lot separately asin 7.2.1. For a representative sample of the entire shipment, thenumber of
18、 packages sampled per lot should be in the same ratioas the number of packages of that lot in the entire shipment.For example, if the shipment consists of 40 drums of lot x and60 drums of lot y, sample four drums of lot x and six drums oflot y.8. Sampling ProcedureDry or Free-Flowing Material8.1 If
19、the ion-exchange material is dry or free-flowing andcontained in a drum:8.1.1 Rock the drum slightly from several sides for uniformpacking and open.8.1.2 The points chosen for probing on the surface shouldlie on a circle approximately two thirds the diameter of thedrum and uniformly spaced.8.1.3 Rot
20、ate the inner tube of the sampling device (Fig. 2)tothe closed position, and thrust the sampling device to thebottom of the drum.8.1.4 Rotate the inner tube to the open position and collectthe sample by moving the top of the sampling device in a circle(about 75 to 150 mm (3 to 6 in.) in diameter) se
21、veral times withthe open sections forward.8.1.5 Rotate the inner tube to the closed position andremove the sampling device from the drum.NOTE 2The sharp point of the sampling device may pierce the drumliner. Have the point rounded slightly (by grinding, filing, etc.).NOTE 3Corrosion may occur after
22、only a few months on this type ofsampling device and will render it unsuitable for resin sampling.8.1.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.8.1.7 Repeat 8.1.3 through 8.1.6 until sufficient sample isobtained.Aminimum of three probes or increments is required.If the sample obtained is larger
23、 than required, reduce thesample using the quartering techniques given in 10.1.8.1.8 Seal the sample container and affix label as outlined inSection 11.8.1.9 Alternatively, the sampling tube (Fig. 1) may be usedfor sampling dry or free-flowing resin. Follow procedure givenin Section 9. Loss of resin
24、 from the bottom of the sampler mayoccur and cause bias in the sample.8.2 If the ion-exchange material is dry or free-flowing andthe outer package is a bag:8.2.1 Transfer the contents of the bag to a drum which hasa diameter less than its height and will hold the entire contentsof the bag.8.2.2 Proc
25、eed in accordance with 8.1.NOTE 4The sampling device (Fig. 2) can allow resin entering theupper openings to fall into the bottom portion of the device, therebybiasing the sample.9. Sampling ProcedureMoist Material9.1 If the ion-exchange material is moist and contained in adrum:9.1.1 Upend the drum a
26、nd allow to stand 16 h (overnight) toredistribute any excess water that may be present.9.1.2 Right drum, rock it slightly from several sides foruniform packing and open.9.1.3 The points chosen for probing on the surface shouldlie on a circle approximately two thirds of the diameter of thedrum.9.1.4
27、Rapidly thrust the sampling tube (Fig. 1) to the bottomof the drum.9.1.5 Withdraw the sampling device.9.1.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.9.1.7 Repeat 9.1.4 through 9.1.6 until sufficient sample isobtained.Aminimum of three probes or increments is required.If the sample obtained is la
28、rger than required, reduce thesample using the quartering technique given in 10.1.9.1.8 Seal the sample container and affix label as outlined inSection 11.9.2 If the ion-exchange material is moist and the outerpackage is a bag:9.2.1 Transfer the contents of the bag to a drum that has adiameter less
29、than its height and will hold the entire contents ofthe bag.9.2.2 Proceed in accordance with 9.1.10. Quartering Procedure10.1 Using a sheet of glazed paper, oil cloth, or flexibleplastic film:10.1.1 Empty the sample container into the center of thesheet.10.1.2 Flatten out the sample gently with the
30、palm of thehand until the ion-exchange material is approximately 25 mm(1 in.) thick.10.1.3 Remix the sample by lifting a corner of the sheet anddrawing it across, low down, to the opposite corner in a mannerthat the material is made to roll over and over and does notFIG. 1 51-mm (2-in.) Inside Diame
31、ter Plastic Tube with 2.4-mm(332-in.) Wall Thickness Ion-Exchanger Sampling TubeNOTE 1This device shall be between 1.2 and 1.5 m (4 and 5 ft) longand about 35 mm (138 in.) in outside diameter. It shall consist of twopolished brass telescopic tubes with registering slots which are opened orclosed by
32、rotation of the inner tube, the outer tube being provided with apoint to facilitate penetrationFIG. 2 Slotted Tube Sample for Ion-Exchange ResinsD2687 95 (2016)2merely slide along. Continue operation with each corner,proceeding in a clockwise direction. Repeat this operationthree times.10.1.4 Lift a
33、ll four corners of the sheet towards the centerand holding all four corners together, raise the entire sheet intothe air to form a pocket for the ion-exchange material.10.1.5 Repeat 10.1.2.10.1.6 With a straightedge at least as long as the flattenedmound of ion-exchange material (such as a thin edge
34、d yardstick) gently divide the sample into quarters. An effort shouldbe made to avoid using pressure on the straightedge sufficientto cause damage to particles of ion-exchange material.10.1.7 Discard alternate quarters.10.1.8 If further reduction of sample size is necessary,repeat 10.1.3 through 10.
35、1.7. A minimum 1-litre sample isrequired for complete analysis.11. Sample Labeling11.1 Immediately upon placing each sample in its samplecontainer, affix a label, cardboard, or linen tag to the container.11.2 Note the following information on the label or tag assoon as it becomes available. If this
36、information is toovoluminous for inclusion on the label or tag, forward it in aseparate letter with appropriate cross reference with the iden-tification on the sample container:11.2.1 Name of company manufacturing the material.11.2.2 Manufacturers product name,11.2.3 Type of material and ionic form,
37、 if known,11.2.4 Location where material was sampled, includingcompany name and complete address,11.2.5 Date and time of sampling,11.2.6 Approximate age of ion-exchange material, ifknown,11.2.7 Number of cycles,11.2.8 Throughput volume, litres per cubic metre (gallonsper cubic foot),11.2.9 Type of s
38、ervice or application,11.2.10 Reason for sampling, and11.2.11 Signature and title of sampler.PRACTICE BSAMPLING FROM FIXED BED ION-EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT HAVING UNRESTRICTEDHEAD ROOM12. Significance and Use12.1 The purpose of this practice, “to obtain a representativesample from an ion-exchange unit,” i
39、mplies further testing willbe performed on the sample obtained.12.2 If information as to the operation of a particularion-exchange unit is desired, sampling of the resin at the end ofthe regeneration cycle will yield a sample from which moreinformation can be obtained than from an exhausted sample.A
40、nalysis of ion-exchange materials in the regenerated formwill permit a determination of the efficiency of regenerationunder plant conditions, a determination of metallic, organic orsiliceous residues which are not removed in normal plantregeneration, and particularly in the case of mixed bed systems
41、,will detect such problems as insufficient mixing and backwash-ing.12.3 This practice will not retrieve ion-exchange materialfrom the bottom 50 mm (2 in.) of a unit without subfill(supporting bed).12.4 In this practice, the sample is taken in the regeneratedform. However, in cases where the sample w
42、ill be completelyreconditioned before analysis, the selection of a point in theoperating cycle for sampling is not critical. In this case, theportion of 14.1 and 14.2 relating to conversion of the ion-exchange material to the regenerated form may be omitted.12.5 The sampling procedure outlined in th
43、is practice willbe difficult in locations with restricted head room above theion-exchange unit.13. Apparatus13.1 Sampling Device, as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 6, andFig. 7.413.2 Containers, sealable, gas-proof, for sample storage.14. Preparation for Sampling14.1 For units containing a physical m
44、ixture of cation andanion-exchange resin, backwash the bed following exhaustion,regenerate, rinse, and air mix as in normal operating proce-dures.14.2 For all other units, backwash the bed followingexhaustion, regenerate, and rinse as in normal operatingprocedure.14.3 Open access opening on top of i
45、on-exchange equip-ment. Drain water, just to the top of the bed. (WarningIf theion-exchange unit has been operating at temperatures above100C (212F) it should be cooled prior to opening to avoidflashing.)15. Sampling Procedure15.1 Select a minimum of six points evenly spaced, and ifpossible, on a ci
46、rcle approximately two thirds the diameter ofthe bed.15.2 Thrust the sampling rod (Fig. 3) through the ion-exchange material until the subfill or bed support can be felt.(WarningCare should be exercised not to damage internalparts, especially in the case of interfacial distributors in mixedbed units
47、.)15.3 With a gentle up and down motion, slip the samplingtube (Fig. 1) over the top of the sample rod and through theion-exchange material to seat on the upper conical stopper(Fig. 4).15.4 Pull up on the rod to withdraw the sample tube.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the commit
48、tee at this timeas the Bead Thief (trademark) is from IX Services Company, 29 Pinon St., P.O. Box326, Bluewater, NM 87005. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please providethis information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the
49、 responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.D2687 95 (2016)315.5 Check to make certain the tube is filled. It may takeseveral attempts to perfect this technique and obtain a fullsample tube.15.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.15.7 Repeat steps 15.2 through 15.6 until sufficient sampleis obtained (a minimum of six probes or increments isrequired).15.8 Alternatively, a core sampler (Fig. 7) may be used toobtain the minimum six increments at points located accordingto 15.1. The sampler must reach to within the bottom 50 mm (2in.) of the
