1、Designation: D2692/D2692M 10 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forAir Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord,and Yarns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2692/D2692M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of longitudi-nal air permeability for tire
3、fabrics, tire cord fabrics, tire cords,or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. This testmethod is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabrictreatments intended to prevent air permeability. This testmethod is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fiberswith all types of rubber com
4、pound.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformanc
5、ewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
6、use. See the Note in11.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, HoseReinfor
7、cing Wire, and Fabrics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: airwicking, chafer fabric, test panel, in air wicking test, tire
8、 cord,tire cord fabric, tire fabric, vulcanization, wickproof, in tirefabric, tire cord fabric, tire cord, or yarn.3.1.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D123.3.1.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:skein and yarn.4. Summary of Test Method4.1
9、Fabric specimens are embedded in a rubber compoundand air pressure is applied to freshly exposed yarn ends.Detergent solution is applied to the opposite end of the yarnswhich have also been freshly exposed.Air wicking is indicatedby continuous formation of air bubbles in the detergentsolution due to
10、 air passing along the axis of a yarn.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for theacceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabricssince this test method has been used extensively in the trade foracceptance testing. This test method is also considered satis
11、-factory for quality control.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between thei
12、r laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly
13、assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories may be compared using appropriate statisticalanalysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the twoparties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and
14、corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers andMetallic Reinforcem
15、ents.Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2692 10. DOI:10.1520/D2692-10R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
16、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 This test method is applicable for testing the air perme-ability of any fa
17、bric that is embedded in a rubber compound,but is particularly useful when testing chafer fabrics to be usedin a tubeless tire construction. In tubeless tires, chafer fabricyarns that are not wick proof represent potential channels forair to pass through, and thus, this test method provides apredict
18、ion of chafer permeability.5.3 Evaluation of air wicking in other fabric and cordcomponents in such products as tires, rubber brake diaphragms,and pneumatic hoses, is useful.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Test Panel MoldA fixed dimension mold designed toproduce a test panel of dimensions and shape sh
19、own in Fig. 1.36.2 Test ChamberAn air chamber and test panel holdersimilar to the device shown in Fig. 2.36.3 Rubber CompoundThe test compound in Table 1 shallbe used as standard unless otherwise agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier.6.4 Air SupplyCompressed air, to be controlled at a te
20、stpressure agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.Commercially available compressed air or dry nitrogen gas ispreferred since these products are clean and dry.6.5 Vulcanization PressFor vulcanizing the test panel inthe test panel mold. See Practice D3182.6.6 Detergent SolutionMix 10 g of
21、 nonionic detergentwith 100 g of tap water.An ethoxylated alkyl phenol, having 10to 30 mol of ethylene oxide, is the recommended nonionicdetergent.47. Sampling Tire Fabric7.1 Lot SampleTire fabrics are shipped in continuouslengths of several hundred metres each, and testing frequencywill be as agree
22、d upon between the purchaser and the supplier.In the absence of an applicable material specification forsampling frequency, consider each roll to be a sampling unitfor tire fabric.7.2 Laboratory SamplesFor acceptance testing, take fromeach roll a full-width swatch,1m1ydlong, after firstdiscarding a
23、minimum of1moffabric from the very outsideof the roll.3The Burlington Diffusion Tester and Test Piece Mold covered by U.S. Patent3,034,336 has been found satisfactory. Blueprints for the fabrication of the tester andmold may be obtained from Manager of Process Technology, Highland IndustriesInc., 21
24、5 Drummond Street, Kernersville, NC 27284.4Common laundry detergent has been found satisfactory for this purpose.DIMENSIONSabcdefgInches 3.0 1.5 3.5 0.5 0.25 0.75 2.25Millimetres 76 38 89 12.6 6.4 19 57NOTE 1Lower case letters refer to dimensions. Capital letters refer to pieces prepared as outlined
25、 in 10.2.FIG. 1 Test PanelD2692/D2692M 10 (2014)27.3 Test SpecimenCut two fabric specimens from eachlaboratory sample, each being 38 by 57 mm 1.5 by 2.25 in.Space the specimens from a laboratory sample along a diagonalline so that each specimen will contain different warp ends andfilling picks. Cut
26、one specimen with the warp ends parallel tothe 38-mm side (A), and one specimen with the filling picksparallel to the 38-mm side (B). See Fig. 1.7.3.1 When it is necessary to differentiate air wicking in thewarp direction from air wicking in the filling direction, it isrecommended that two specimens
27、 be cut in the warp direction,FIG. 2 Testing ChamberD2692/D2692M 10 (2014)3and two in the filling direction, and that a separate test panel bemade for each fabric direction.8. Sampling Tire Cord Fabric8.1 Lot SamplesTire cord fabrics are shipped in continu-ous lengths of several hundred metres each,
28、 and testingfrequency will be as agreed upon between the purchaser andthe supplier. In the absence of an applicable material specifi-cation for sampling frequency, consider each roll to be asampling unit for tire fabric.8.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take fromeach roll a full-width swa
29、tch,1m1ydlong, after firstdiscarding a minimum of1moffabric from the very outsideof the roll. From the 1-m swatch, randomly remove three tirecords. Take the tire cords no nearer to the selvage than onetenth the width of the fabric.8.3 Test SpecimensFrom the laboratory sample, cut six500-mm 20-in. le
30、ngths of tire cord. The six lengths of tirecord are one test specimen. Tire cord fabrics are tested in thewarp direction only.9. Sampling Tire Cords and Yarns9.1 Lot SamplesTire cords and yarns are shipped onspools in cases or on beams. Testing frequency will be asagreed upon between the purchaser a
31、nd the supplier, or in theabsence of an applicable material specification, consider eachcase or beam of tire cord or yarn to be a sampling unit.9.2 Laboratory Samples:9.2.1 CasesFor acceptance testing, take at random onespool from each case and take one 3-m 3-yd sample, afterfirst discarding a minim
32、um of 10 m 10 yd of tire cord or yarnfrom the outside of the spool, plus any additional tire cordhaving a disturbed wind.9.2.2 BeamsFor acceptance testing, reel at random fiveskeins,3m3ydlong, from each beam.9.3 Test Specimens:9.3.1 CasesFrom the laboratory sample, cut six 500-mm20-in. lengths of ti
33、re cord or yarn. The six lengths of tire cordor yarn are one test specimen. Tire cord and yarn are tested inthe warp direction only.9.3.2 BeamsFrom the laboratory sample, cut six 500-mm20-in. lengths from each of the five skeins. The six lengths oftire cord or yarn are one test specimen.10. Preparat
34、ion of Test Panels10.1 Tire Fabric Test Panel PreparationEmbed the fabricspecimens in a 38 by 76 by 6.4-mm 1.5 by 3.0 by 0.25-in.cured rubber compound test panel which is bounded by a 6.4by 6.4-mm 0.25 by 0.25-in. flange, perpendicular to the38-mm 1.5-in. test panel dimension. The test panel istrimm
35、ed to expose yarn ends for testing. See Fig. 1.10.1.1 Cut two pieces of rubber compound (C) 6.4 by 6.4 by89 mm 0.25 by 0.25 by 3.5 in.10.1.2 Cut three sheets of rubber compound (D) 2.3 by 76by 38 mm 0.09 by 3 by 1.5 in. Preassemble the test panel inthe following order (refer to letter designation in
36、 Fig. 1): D, A,D, B, D. Locate fabric specimens (A) and (B) to ensure thefabric is centered in the 38 by 76-mm 1.5 by 3.0-in. test panelplane. Roll the composite with a stitching wheel or othercomparable device to minimize entrapped air.10.1.3 The mass of the test panel, including flange strips,must
37、 exceed 35 g 1.23 oz. If a rubber compound other thanthat given in Table 1 is used, the density of the rubbercompound may differ, and the minimum mass of the test panelwill also differ. If necessary, additional rubber compound canbe applied to the flange strip to obtain the required mass.10.2 Tire C
38、ord or Yarn Test Panel Preparation (IncludingCords from Tire Cord Fabrics or Yarns):10.2.1 From one to three tire cord or yarn specimens can beplaced in one test panel. If more than one specimen is placedin a test panel, then mark the specimen locations on the outsideof the test panel. Place each sp
39、ecimen in location (A) only ofthe test panel, so that the yarn ends protrude equally from bothsides of the test panel. Fill location (B) with a 2.3 by 76 by38-mm 0.09 by 3 by 1.5-in. sheet of rubber compound.10.2.2 The mass of the test panel, including flange strips,must exceed 35 g 1.23 oz. If a ru
40、bber compound other thanthat given in Table 1 is used, the density of the rubbercompound may differ, and the minimum mass of the test panelwill also differ. If necessary, additional rubber compound canbe applied to the flange strip to obtain the required mass.10.3 Test Panel Vulcanization:10.3.1 Pre
41、heat a cold mold and vulcanizing press to thetemperature specified for the rubber compound in use.10.3.2 Insert the two 6.4 by 6.4 by 89-mm 0.25 by 0.25 by3.5-in. flange strips (C) in the corresponding slots in thepreheated mold. Insert the test panel into the mold and press itto the bottom of the c
42、avity.10.3.3 Insert the mold between press platens and adjust thepressure to at least 3.45 MPa 500 psi with reference to the topsurface of the mold. Leave the mold in the press under pressurefor 30 min or the vulcanizing time specified for the rubbercompound in use. Withdraw the mold and remove test
43、 panelsfrom the mold. Allow the test panels to cool to room tempera-ture by exposure to air or immersion in water before proceed-ing to the next step.TABLE 1 RecipeAir Wicking Test Rubber CompoundPeptized SMR20 60 parts by massSBR1502 40Zinc oxide 5Stearic acid 26 PPD 1Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin 5HA
44、 Oil 10N-330 black 50Precipitated silica 20PEG 1TBBS 1.25TMTD 0.5Sulfur 2PVI 0.3Cure:302minat1452C2934F.Compound to be stored in a cool dry arearefrigeration is preferred.D2692/D2692M 10 (2014)410.4 Post Vulcanization SetupUsing a sharp knife or die,cut 6.4 mm 0.25 in. from each 76-mm 3.0-in. edge o
45、f thetest panel to expose yarn ends. See Fig. 1. The test panel mustbe tested within6hofthetime the yarns are exposed. If morethan 6 h elapse before the panel is tested, expose fresh yarnends by trimming away an additional 1-mm strip from the76-mm edge.11. Procedure11.1 Place the test panel between
46、the plates of the testchamber and secure the two plates.Apply detergent solution tothe exposed yarn ends. Apply air pressure as specified in thepurchase agreement. Maintain air pressure as specified andobserve yarn ends to detect air bubbles, which indicate airpassage through the test specimen. The
47、duration of timecovering the test will be agreed upon between the purchaserand the supplier and may be selected from the following:11.1.1 A. Two minutes at 0.7 MPa 100 psig,+5%,0%11.1.2 B. Two minutes at 1.4 MPa 200 psig,+5%,0%11.1.3 C. One minute at 2.1 MPa 300 psig,+5%,0%11.1.4 D. One minute at 2.
48、8 MPa 400 psig,+5%,0%NOTE 1Precaution: Test panels should only be tested in apparatusthat has safety shields to protect the operator.12. Report12.1 State that the tests were made as directed in TestMethod D2692. Describe the materials or products sampledand the method of sampling used.12.2 Report th
49、e following information:12.2.1 Air pressure used and duration of testing, and12.2.2 Whether or not air wicking was noted in the testing.12.2.3 If a rubber compound other than that given in Table1 is used, this will be reported.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No information is presented about either the precisionor the bias of this test method since the test result isnonquantitative.14. Keywords14.1 air wicking; chafer fabrics; tire fabricsASTM International takes no position respecting the val
