1、Designation: D2692/D2692M 15Standard Test Method forAir Permeability of Tire Fabrics, Tire Cord Fabrics, TireCord, and Yarns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2692/D2692M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of longitudi-nal air permeability for tire fabrics, tire
3、 cord fabrics, tire cords,or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. This testmethod is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabrictreatments intended to prevent air permeability. This testmethod is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fiberswith all types of rubber compound.1.2 The
4、 values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the sta
5、ndard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See the
6、Note in11.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, HoseReinforcing Wire, an
7、d Fabrics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: airpermeability, chafer fabric, test panel, in air permeability test,tire cor
8、d, tire cord fabric, tire fabric, vulcanization, wickproof,in tire fabric, tire cord fabric, tire cord, or yarn.3.1.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D123.3.1.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:skein and yarn.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Fab
9、ric specimens are embedded in a rubber compoundand air pressure is applied to freshly exposed yarn ends.Detergent solution is applied to the opposite end of the yarnswhich have also been freshly exposed. Air permeability isindicated by continuous formation of air bubbles in thedetergent solution due
10、 to air passing along the axis of a yarn.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for theacceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabricssince this test method has been used extensively in the trade foracceptance testing. This test method is also considered sa
11、tis-factory for quality control.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between t
12、heir laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be random
13、ly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories may be compared using appropriate statisticalanalysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the twoparties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found a
14、nd corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers andMetallic Reinfor
15、cements.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2692 10(2014).DOI: 10.1520/D2692_D2692M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
16、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 This test method is applicable for testing the air perme-abi
17、lity of any fabric that is embedded in a rubber compound,but is particularly useful when testing chafer fabrics to be usedin a tubeless tire construction. In tubeless tires, chafer fabricyarns that are air permeable represent potential channels for airto pass through, and thus, this test method prov
18、ides a predictionof chafer permeability.5.3 Evaluation of air permeability in other fabric and cordcomponents in such products as tires, rubber brake diaphragms,and pneumatic hoses, is useful.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Test Panel MoldA fixed dimension mold designed toproduce a test panel of dimen
19、sions and shape shown in Fig. 1.36.2 Test ChamberAn air chamber and test panel holdersimilar to the device shown in Fig. 2.36.3 Rubber CompoundThe test compound in Table 1 shallbe used as standard unless otherwise agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier.6.4 Air SupplyCompressed air, to be
20、controlled at a testpressure agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.Commercially available compressed air or dry nitrogen gas ispreferred since these products are clean and dry.6.5 Vulcanization PressFor vulcanizing the test panel inthe test panel mold. See Practice D3182.6.6 Detergent S
21、olutionMix 10 g of nonionic detergentwith 100 g of tap water.An ethoxylated alkyl phenol, having 10to 30 mol of ethylene oxide, is the recommended nonionicdetergent.47. Sampling Tire Fabric7.1 Lot SampleTire fabrics are shipped in continuouslengths of several hundred metres each, and testing frequen
22、cywill be as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.In the absence of an applicable material specification forsampling frequency, consider each roll to be a sampling unitfor tire fabric.7.2 Laboratory SamplesFor acceptance testing, take fromeach roll a full-width swatch,1m1ydlong, after
23、firstdiscarding a minimum of1m1ydoffabric from the veryoutside of the roll.3The Burlington Diffusion Tester and Test Piece Mold covered by U.S. Patent3,034,336 has been found satisfactory. Blueprints for the fabrication of the tester andmold may be obtained from Manager of Process Technology, Highla
24、nd IndustriesInc., 215 Drummond Street, Kernersville, NC 27284.4Common laundry detergent has been found satisfactory for this purpose.DIMENSIONSabcdefgInches 3.0 1.5 3.5 0.5 0.25 0.75 2.25Millimetres 76 38 89 12.6 6.4 19 57NOTE 1Lower case letters refer to dimensions. Capital letters refer to pieces
25、 prepared as outlined in 10.2.FIG. 1 Test PanelD2692/D2692M 1527.3 Test SpecimenCut two fabric specimens from eachlaboratory sample, each being 38 by 57 mm 1.5 by 2.25 in.Space the specimens from a laboratory sample along a diagonalline so that each specimen will contain different warp ends andfilli
26、ng picks. Cut one specimen with the warp ends parallel tothe 38 mm 1.5 in. side (A), and one specimen with the fillingpicks parallel to the 38 mm 1.5 in. side (B). See Fig. 1.7.3.1 When it is necessary to differentiate air permeability inthe warp direction from air permeability in the filling direct
27、ion,it is recommended that two specimens be cut in the warpFIG. 2 Testing ChamberD2692/D2692M 153direction, and two in the filling direction, and that a separatetest panel be made for each fabric direction.8. Sampling Tire Cord Fabric8.1 Lot SamplesTire cord fabrics are shipped in continu-ous length
28、s of several hundred metres each, and testingfrequency will be as agreed upon between the purchaser andthe supplier. In the absence of an applicable material specifi-cation for sampling frequency, consider each roll to be asampling unit for tire fabric.8.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, ta
29、ke fromeach roll a full-width swatch,1m1ydlong, after firstdiscarding a minimum of1m1ydoffabric from the veryoutside of the roll. From the1m1ydswatch, randomlyremove three tire cords. Take the tire cords no nearer to theselvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.8.3 Test SpecimensFrom the labora
30、tory sample, cut six500 mm 20 in. lengths of tire cord. The six lengths of tirecord are one test specimen. Tire cord fabrics are tested in thewarp direction only.9. Sampling Tire Cords and Yarns9.1 Lot SamplesTire cords and yarns are shipped onspools in cases or on beams. Testing frequency will be a
31、sagreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, or, in theabsence of an applicable material specification, consider eachcase or beam of tire cord or yarn to be a sampling unit.9.2 Laboratory Samples:9.2.1 CasesFor acceptance testing, take at random onespool from each case and take one 3 m 3 yd
32、sample, after firstdiscarding a minimum of 10 m 10 yd of tire cord or yarn fromthe outside of the spool, plus any additional tire cord having adisturbed wind.9.2.2 BeamsFor acceptance testing, reel at random fiveskeins,3m3ydlong, from each beam.9.3 Test Specimens:9.3.1 CasesFrom the laboratory sampl
33、e, cut six 500 mm20 in. lengths of tire cord or yarn. The six lengths of tire cordor yarn are one test specimen. Tire cord and yarn are tested inthe warp direction only.9.3.2 BeamsFrom the laboratory sample, cut six 500 mm20 in. lengths from each of the five skeins. The six lengths oftire cord or ya
34、rn are one test specimen.10. Preparation of Test Panels10.1 Tire Fabric Test Panel PreparationEmbed the fabricspecimens in a 38 by 76 by 6.4 mm 1.5 by 3.0 by 0.25 in.cured rubber compound test panel which is bounded by a 6.4by 6.4 mm 0.25 by 0.25 in. flange, perpendicular to the 38mm 1.5 in. test pa
35、nel dimension. The test panel is trimmed toexpose yarn ends for testing. See Fig. 1.10.1.1 Cut two pieces of rubber compound (C) 6.4 by 6.4 by89 mm 0.25 by 0.25 by 3.5 in.10.1.2 Cut three sheets of rubber compound (D) 2.3 by 76by 38 mm 0.09 by 3 by 1.5 in. Preassemble the test panel inthe following
36、order (refer to letter designation in Fig. 1): D, A,D, B, D. Locate fabric specimens (A) and (B) to ensure thefabric is centered in the 38 by 76 mm 1.5 by 3.0 in. test panelplane. Roll the composite with a stitching wheel or othercomparable device to minimize entrapped air.10.1.3 The mass of the tes
37、t panel, including flange strips,must exceed 35 g 1.23 oz. If a rubber compound other thanthat given in Table 1 is used, the density of the rubbercompound may differ, and the minimum mass of the test panelwill also differ. If necessary, additional rubber compound canbe applied to the flange strip to
38、 obtain the required mass.10.2 Tire Cord or Yarn Test Panel Preparation (IncludingCords from Tire Cord Fabrics or Yarns):10.2.1 From one to three tire cord or yarn specimens can beplaced in one test panel. If more than one specimen is placedin a test panel, then mark the specimen locations on the ou
39、tsideof the test panel. Place each specimen in location (A) only ofthe test panel, so that the yarn ends protrude equally from bothsides of the test panel. Fill location (B) with a 2.3 by 76 by 38mm 0.09 by 3 by 1.5 in. sheet of rubber compound.10.2.2 The mass of the test panel, including flange str
40、ips,must exceed 35 g 1.23 oz. If a rubber compound other thanthat given in Table 1 is used, the density of the rubbercompound may differ, and the minimum mass of the test panelwill also differ. If necessary, additional rubber compound canbe applied to the flange strip to obtain the required mass.10.
41、3 Test Panel Vulcanization:10.3.1 Preheat a cold mold and vulcanizing press to thetemperature specified for the rubber compound in use.10.3.2 Insert the two 6.4 by 6.4 by 89 mm 0.25 by 0.25 by3.5 in. flange strips (C) in the corresponding slots in thepreheated mold. Insert the test panel into the mo
42、ld and press itto the bottom of the cavity.10.3.3 Insert the mold between press platens and adjust thepressure to at least 3.45 MPa 500 psi with reference to the topsurface of the mold. Leave the mold in the press under pressurefor 30 min or the vulcanizing time specified for the rubbercompound in u
43、se. Withdraw the mold and remove test panelsfrom the mold. Allow the test panels to cool to room tempera-ture by exposure to air or immersion in water before proceed-ing to the next step.TABLE 1 RecipeAir Permeability Test Rubber CompoundPeptized SMR20 60 parts by massSBR1502 40Zinc oxide 5Stearic a
44、cid 26 PPD 1Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin 5HA Oil 10N-330 black 50Precipitated silica 20PEG 1TBBS 1.25TMTD 0.5Sulfur 2PVI 0.3Cure:302minat1452C2934F.Compound to be stored in a cool dry arearefrigeration is preferred.D2692/D2692M 15410.4 Post Vulcanization SetupUsing a sharp knife or die,cut 6.4 mm 0.25
45、 in. from each 76 mm 3.0 in. edge of the testpanel to expose yarn ends. See Fig. 1. The test panel must betested within6hofthetime the yarns are exposed. If more than6 h elapse before the panel is tested, expose fresh yarn ends bytrimming away an additional 1 mm 0.04 in. strip from the 76mm 3.0 in.
46、edge.11. Procedure11.1 Place the test panel between the plates of the testchamber and secure the two plates.Apply detergent solution tothe exposed yarn ends. Apply air pressure as specified in thepurchase agreement. Maintain air pressure as specified andobserve yarn ends to detect air bubbles, which
47、 indicate airpassage through the test specimen. The duration of timecovering the test will be agreed upon between the purchaserand the supplier and may be selected from the following:11.1.1 A. Two minutes at 0.7 MPa 100 psig,+5%,0%11.1.2 B. Two minutes at 1.4 MPa 200 psig,+5%,0%11.1.3 C. One minute
48、at 2.1 MPa 300 psig,+5%,0%11.1.4 D. One minute at 2.8 MPa 400 psig,+5%,0%NOTE 1Precaution: Test panels should only be tested in apparatusthat has safety shields to protect the operator.12. Report12.1 State that the tests were made as directed in TestMethod D2692. Describe the materials or products s
49、ampledand the method of sampling used.12.2 Report the following information:12.2.1 Air pressure used and duration of testing, and12.2.2 Whether or not air permeability was noted in thetesting.12.2.3 If a rubber compound other than that given in Table1 is used, this will be reported.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No information is presented about either the precisionor the bias of this test method since the test result isnonquantitative.14. Keywords14.1 air permeability; chafer f
