1、Designation: D2699 13aD2699 13bDesignation: 237/87Standard Test Method forResearch Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test
3、method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuelin terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicableto fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sampl
4、e fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder,four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions.The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared
5、to that ofone or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for
6、 spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testingof gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N.range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The
7、values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of theextensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
8、if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 13.4.1, 14.5.1, 15.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1
9、, A2.2.3.3 (6)and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2360 Test Method for Trac
10、e Impurities in Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas ChromatographyD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Nu
11、mber of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4814 Specification for A
12、utomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion C
13、haracteristics.Current edition approved June 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2013. Published September 2013November 2013. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2013 asD2699 13.D2699 13a. DOI: 10.1520/D2699-13A.10.1520/D2699-13B.2 Motor O.N., determined using Test Method D2700, is a companion
14、 method to provide a similar but typically lower octane rating under more severe operating conditions.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards D
15、ocument Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, AST
16、M recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
17、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric KarlFischer TitrationE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and HydrometryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
18、E542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric ApparatusE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ANSI Standard:4C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Analog Indicating Instruments2.3 Energy Institute Standard:5IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Co
19、ntent of Light Petroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colorimetric Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived as: (1)a theoretical or established value, based on scientific princ
20、iples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experimental work ofsome national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental work underthe auspices of a scientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this te
21、st method, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control tes
22、ting, a spark-ignition engine fuels of selected characteristics having an octanenumber accepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder height, nfor the CFR engine, the relative vertical position of the engine cylinder with respect
23、to the piston attop dead center (tdc) or the top machined surface of the crankcase.3.1.3.1 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, in thousandths of an inch,indexed to a basic setting at a prescribed compression pressure when the engine is motored.3.1.
24、3.2 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basic setting ata prescribed compression pressure when the engine is motored.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, nfor knock testing, the analog signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the e
25、lectricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides an output signal for display.3.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nfor knock testing, the digital signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides a digital output for display.3.1.6 deton
26、ation pickup, nfor knock testing, a magnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the engine cylinder and isexposed to combustion chamber pressure to provide an electrical signal that is proportional to the rate-of-change of cylinderpressure.3.1.7 dynamic fuel level, nfor knock testing, test pr
27、ocedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity for sampleand reference fuels is determined using the falling level technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a high or rich mixturecondition to a low or lean mixture condition, at a constant rate, causing knock intensity to ris
28、e to a maximum and then decrease,thus permitting observation of the maximum knockmeter reading.3.1.8 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity forsample and reference fuels is determined by making incremental step changes in fu
29、el-air ratio, observing the equilibrium knockintensity for each step, and selecting the level that produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.9 firing, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine with fuel and ignition.3.1.10 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity, nfor knock testing,
30、 that proportion of fuel to air that produces the highestknock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit, provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel level limits.3.1.11 guide tables, n for knock testing, the specific relationship between cylinder height (compression ratio) and oct
31、anenumber at standard knock intensity for specific primary reference fuel blends tested at standard or other specified barometricpressure.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish S
32、t., London, WIG 7AR, U.K.D2699 13b23.1.12 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnormal combustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoignition ofthe air/fuel mixture. D41753.1.13 knock intensity, nfor knock testing, a measure of the level of knock.3.1.14 knockmeter, analog, nfor knock test
33、ing, the 0 to 100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knock intensitysignal from the analog detonation meter.3.1.15 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing, the 0 to 999 division digital indicating meter that displays the knock intensityfrom the digital detonation meter.3.1.16 motorin
34、g, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine without fuel and with the ignition shut off.3.1.17 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, any one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock obtainedby comparison with reference fuels in standardized engine or vehicle tests. D4
35、1753.1.17.1 research octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained bycomparison of its knock intensity with that of primary reference fuel blends when both are tested in a standardized CFR engineoperating under the conditions specified in this test
36、 method.3.1.18 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organic compound, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement, for example,various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.19 primary reference fuels, nfor knock testing, isooctane, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures of isooctanewith n-heptane, o
37、r blends of tetraethyllead in isooctane that define the octane number scale.3.1.19.1 primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane, nthe volume % of isooctane in a blend with n-heptane that definesthe octane number of the blend, isooctane being assigned as 100 and n-heptane as 0 octane number.3.1.1
38、9.2 primary reference fuel blends above 100 octane, nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctane thatdefine octane numbers above 100 in accordance with an empirically determined relationship.3.1.20 repeatability conditions, nconditions where independent test results are obtained w
39、ith the same method on identical testitems in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.20.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, a short time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel is understood to be not less than thet
40、ime to obtain at least one rating on another sample fuel between them but not so long as to permit any significant change in thesample fuel, test equipment, or environment.3.1.21 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items indi
41、fferent laboratories with different operators using different equipment. E4563.1.22 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity of the analog detonation meter expressed in knockmeter divisions peroctane number. (This feature is not a necessary adjustment in the digital detonation meter.)3.1.23 st
42、andard knock intensity, analog, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the
43、 prescribed guide table value.The analog detonation meter is adjusted to producean analog knockmeter reading of 50 for these conditions.3.1.24 standard knock intensity, digital, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used i
44、n the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the prescribed guide table value. The digital detonation meter will typically displaya peak to peak voltage of approximately 0.15 V for these conditions.3.1.
45、25 toluene standardization fuels, nfor knock testing, those volumetrically proportioned blends of two or more of thefollowing: reference fuel grade toluene, n-heptane, and isooctane that have prescribed rating tolerances for O.N.ARV determinedby round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3
46、.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARV = accepted reference value3.2.2 CFR = Cooperative Fuel Research3.2.3 C.R. = compression ratio3.2.4 IAT = intake air temperature3.2.5 K.I. = knock intensity3.2.6 OA = Octane Analyzer3.2.7 O.N. = octane number3.2.8 PRF = primary reference fuel3.2.9 RTD = resistance thermomet
47、er device (E344) platinum typeD2699 13b33.2.10 TSF = toluene standardization fuel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The Research O.N. of a spark-ignition engine fuel is determined using a standard test engine and operating conditions tocompare its knock characteristic with those of PRF blends of known O.N
48、. Compression ratio and fuel-air ratio are adjusted toproduce standard K.I. for the sample fuel, as measured by a specific electronic detonation measurement system. A standard K.I.guide table relates engine C.R. to O.N. level for this specific method. The fuel-air ratio for the sample fuel and each
49、of the primaryreference fuel blends is adjusted to maximize K.I. for each fuel.4.1.1 The fuel-air ratio for maximum K.I. may be obtained (1) by making incremental step changes in mixture strength,observing the equilibrium K.I. value for each step, and then selecting the condition that maximizes the reading or (2) by pickingthe maximum K.I. as the mixture strength is changed from either rich-to-lean or lean-to-rich at a constant rate.4.2 Bracketing ProceduresThe engine is calibrated to operate at standard K.I. in accordance with the guide table.
