1、Designation: D2699 16Designation: 237/87Standard Test Method forResearch Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test metho
3、d covers the quantitativedetermination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignitionengine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels thatcontain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test methodmay not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that areprimarily oxygenates.2The sample fuel is
4、 tested using astandardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable com-pression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance witha defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is definedby the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuelknock intensity is compared to that of
5、 one or more PRF blends.The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the samplefuel establishes the Research O.N.1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octanenumber but this test method has a working range from 40 to120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced forspark-igniti
6、on engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N.range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process streammaterials can produce ratings at various levels throughout theResearch O.N. range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in paren
7、theses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements continue to be in inch-pound units only becauseof the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created forthis equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
8、 with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1,Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) an
9、d (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7,X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptaneand Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2360 Test Method for Trace Impurities in Mo
10、nocyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography (With-drawn 2016)4D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Compari-son TechniqueD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide N
11、umber of AviationTurbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4814 Specification for A
12、utomotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System Performance1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AS
13、TM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2699 15a. DOI
14、:10.1520/D2699-16.2Motor O.N., determined using Test Method D2700, is a companion method toprovide a similar but typically lower octane rating under more severe operatingconditions.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
15、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and
17、Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE456
18、Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ANSI Standard:5C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Analog Indicating In-struments2.3 Energy Institute S
19、tandard:6IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of LightPetroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colo-rimetric Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical o
20、r established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experi-mental work of some national or international organization, or(3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. E4
21、563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Researchoctane number of specific reference materials determinedempirically under reproducibility conditions by the NationalExchange Group or another recognized exchange testing orga-nizatio
22、n.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control testing, a spark-ignition engine fuels of selected characteristics having anoctane number accepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determinedby round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder height, nfor the CFR engine, the relativevertical pos
23、ition of the engine cylinder with respect to thepiston at top dead center (tdc) or the top machined surface ofthe crankcase.3.1.3.1 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine,anumerical indication of cylinder height, in thousandths of aninch, indexed to a basic setting at a prescribed compressionpr
24、essure when the engine is motored.3.1.3.2 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine,anumerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basicsetting at a prescribed compression pressure when the engine ismotored.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, nfor knock testing, theanalog signal conditioning
25、instrumentation that accepts theelectrical signal from the detonation pickup and provides anoutput signal for display.3.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nfor knock testing, thedigital signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts theelectrical signal from the detonation pickup and provides adigital
26、 output for display.3.1.6 detonation pickup, nfor knock testing,amagnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the enginecylinder and is exposed to combustion chamber pressure toprovide an electrical signal that is proportional to the rate-of-change of cylinder pressure.3.1.7 dynamic fuel level
27、, nfor knock testing, test proce-dure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensityfor sample and reference fuels is determined using the fallinglevel technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a highor rich mixture condition to a low or lean mixture condition, ata constant rate, ca
28、using knock intensity to rise to a maximumand then decrease, thus permitting observation of the maxi-mum knockmeter reading.3.1.8 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test pro-cedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensityfor sample and reference fuels is determined by makingi
29、ncremental step changes in fuel-air ratio, observing the equi-librium knock intensity for each step, and selecting the levelthat produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.9 firing, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFRengine with fuel and ignition.3.1.10 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock i
30、ntensity, nforknock testing, that proportion of fuel to air that produces thehighest knock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit,provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel levellimits.3.1.11 guide tables, n for knock testing, the specificrelationship between cylinder height (c
31、ompression ratio) andoctane number at standard knock intensity for specific primaryreference fuel blends tested at standard or other specifiedbarometric pressure.3.1.12 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnormalcombustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoi-gnition of the air/fuel mixt
32、ure. D41753.1.13 knock intensity, nfor knock testing, a measure ofthe level of knock.3.1.14 knockmeter, analog, nfor knock testing,the0to100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knockintensity signal from the analog detonation meter.3.1.15 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing,the0to
33、999division digital indicating meter that displays the knock inten-sity from the digital detonation meter.3.1.16 motoring, nfor the CFR engine, operation of theCFR engine without fuel and with the ignition shut off.3.1.17 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel,any one of several numerical in
34、dicators of resistance to knockobtained by comparison with reference fuels in standardizedengine or vehicle tests. D41755Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U
35、.K.D2699 1623.1.17.1 research octane number, nfor spark-ignition en-gine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained bycomparison of its knock intensity with that of primary refer-ence fuel blends when both are tested in a standardized CFRengine operating under the conditions specified i
36、n this testmethod.3.1.18 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organiccompound, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement, forexample, various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.19 primary reference fuels, nfor knock testing,isooctane, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures ofisooctane with n-he
37、ptane, or blends of tetraethyllead in isooc-tane that define the octane number scale.3.1.19.1 primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane,nthe volume % of isooctane in a blend with n-heptane thatdefines the octane number of the blend, isooctane beingassigned as 100 and n-heptane as 0 octane numbe
38、r.3.1.19.2 primary reference fuel blends above 100 octane,nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctanethat define octane numbers above 100 in accordance with anempirically determined relationship.3.1.20 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determin
39、e and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system. The material is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is availab
40、le in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D62993.1.21 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same laboratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E45
41、63.1.21.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, ashort time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel isunderstood to be not less than the time to obtain at least onerating on another sample fuel between them but not so long asto permit any significant change in the sample fuel, testequi
42、pment, or environment.3.1.22 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laboratories with different operators usingdifferent equipment. E4563.1.23 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity ofthe analog detonati
43、on meter expressed in knockmeter divisionsper octane number. (This feature is not a necessary adjustmentin the digital detonation meter.)3.1.24 standard knock intensity, analog, nfor knocktesting, that level of knock established when a primary refer-ence fuel blend of specific octane number is used
44、in the knocktesting unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with thecylinder height (dial indicator or digital counter reading) set tothe prescribed guide table value. The analog detonation meteris adjusted to produce an analog knockmeter reading of 50 forthese conditions.3.1.25 standard kno
45、ck intensity, digital, nfor knocktesting, that level of knock established when a primary refer-ence fuel blend of specific octane number is used in the knocktesting unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with thecylinder height (dial indicator or digital counter reading) set tothe prescribe
46、d guide table value. The digital detonation meterwill typically display a peak to peak voltage of approximately0.15 V for these conditions.3.1.26 toluene standardization fuels, nfor knock testing,those volumetrically proportioned blends of two or more of thefollowing: reference fuel grade toluene, n
47、-heptane, and isooc-tane that have prescribed rating tolerances for O.N.ARVdeter-mined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARV = accepted reference value3.2.2 CFR = Cooperative Fuel Research3.2.3 C.R. = compression ratio3.2.4 IAT = intake air temperature3.
48、2.5 K.I. = knock intensity3.2.6 OA = Octane Analyzer3.2.7 O.N. = octane number3.2.8 PRF = primary reference fuel3.2.9 RTD = resistance thermometer device (E344) plati-num type3.2.10 TSF = toluene standardization fuel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The Research O.N. of a spark-ignition engine fuel isdet
49、ermined using a standard test engine and operating condi-tions to compare its knock characteristic with those of PRFblends of known O.N. Compression ratio and fuel-air ratio areadjusted to produce standard K.I. for the sample fuel, asmeasured by a specific electronic detonation measurementsystem. A standard K.I. guide table relates engine C.R. to O.N.level for this specific method. The fuel-air ratio for the samplefuel and each of the primary reference fuel blends is adjustedto maximize K.I. for each fuel.4.1.1 The fuel-air ratio for maximum K.I. may
