1、Designation: D2700 16aD2700 17Designation: 236/87Standard Test Method forMotor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test
3、 method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuelin terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not beapplicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 Th
4、e sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder,four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions.The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample f
5、uel knockintensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blendthat matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number,
6、but this test method has a working range from 40to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octanenumber range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number
7、range.Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motoroctane number range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pounds un
8、its. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of theextensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibi
9、lityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1,Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9)
10、, A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomm
11、endations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2360 Test Method for Trace
12、 Impurities in Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography (Withdrawn 2016)4D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechnique1 This test method
13、 is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2017. Published January 2017November 2017. Originally approved in 1968
14、. Last previous edition approved in 2016 asD2700 16.D2700 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D2700-16A.10.1520/D2700-17.2 Research octane number, determined using Test Method D2699, is a companion method to provide a similar but typically higher octane rating under milder operatingconditions.3 For referencedASTM sta
15、ndards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org
16、.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior ed
17、itions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
18、59. United States1D3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling o
19、f Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment Sys
20、tem PerformanceD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric KarlFischer TitrationE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and HydrometryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory
21、 Volumetric ApparatusE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ANSI Standard:5C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Analog Indicating Instruments2.3 Energy Institute Standard:IP224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of Light Petroleum Distillates by Dithi
22、zone Extraction and Colorimetric Method63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived as: (1)a theoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, b
23、ased on experimental work ofsome national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental work underthe auspices of a scientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, accepted reference value is under
24、stood to apply to the Motor octane number of specific referencematerials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognizedexchange testing organization.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control testing, a spark-ignition engine fuel of selected
25、characteristics having an octane numberaccepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder height, nfor the CFR engine, the relative vertical position of the engine cylinder with respect to the piston attop dead center (tdc) or the top
26、 machined surface of the crankcase.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, nfor knock testing, the analog signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides an analog output signal for display.to the analog knockmeter.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn the contex
27、t of this test method, three contemporary generations of apparatus have been developed as detonation meters. Theseare (year of introduction in parenthesis): the 501T Detonation Meter (1969), the 501C Detonation Meter (1979), and the SSD7000Detonation Meter (2017).73.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nf
28、or knock testing, the digital signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides a digital output signal for display.3.1.6 detonation pickup, nfor knock testing, a magnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the engine cylinder and is
29、exposed to combustion chamber pressure to provide an electrical signal that is proportional to the rate-of-change of cylinderpressure.3.1.7 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, in thousandths of an inch,indexed to a basic setting at a prescribed com
30、pression pressure when the engine is motored.3.1.8 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basic setting at aprescribed compression pressure when the engine is motored.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 4
31、3rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.7 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1870. C
32、ontact ASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D2700 1723.1.9 dynamic fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity for sampleand reference fuels is determined using the falling level technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a high or
33、 rich mixturecondition to a low or lean mixture condition, at a constant rate, causing knock intensity to rise to a maximum and then decrease,thus permitting observation of the maximum knockmeter reading.3.1.10 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio fo
34、r maximum knock intensity forsample and reference fuels is determined by making incremental step changes in fuel-air ratio, observing the equilibrium knockintensity for each step, and selecting the level which produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.11 firing, nfor the CFR engine, operation
35、 of the CFR engine with fuel and ignition.3.1.12 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity, nfor knock testing, that proportion of fuel to air that produces the highestknock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit, provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel level limits.3.1.13
36、guide tables, n for knock testing, the specific relationship between cylinder height (compression ratio) and octanenumber at standard knock intensity for specific primary reference fuel blends tested at standard or other specified barometricpressure.3.1.14 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnorma
37、l combustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoignition ofthe air/fuel mixture. D41753.1.15 knock intensity, nfor knock testing, a measure of the level of knock.3.1.16 knockmeter, analog, nfor knock testing, the 0 to 100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knock intensitys
38、ignal from the analog detonation meter.3.1.17 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing, the 0 to 999 division digital indicating software meter that displays the knockintensity from the digital detonation meter.3.1.18 motoring, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine without fuel and with th
39、e ignition shut off.3.1.19 motor octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained by comparisonof its knock intensity with that of primary reference fuels when both are tested in a standardized CFR engine operating under theconditions specified in thi
40、s test method.3.1.20 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, any one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock obtainedby comparison with reference fuels in standardized engine or vehicle tests. D41753.1.21 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organic compound, which may be used as
41、a fuel or fuel supplement, for example,various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.22 primary reference fuel blends above 100 octane, nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctane thatdefine octane numbers above 100 in accordance with an empirically determined relationship.3.1.23 primary
42、 reference fuels, nfor knock testing, isooctane, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures of isooctanewith n-heptane, or blends of tetraetyllead in isooctane that define the octane number scale.3.1.24 primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane, nthe volume percent of isooctane in a blend
43、with n-heptane thatdefines the octane number of the blend, isooctane being assigned as 100 and n-heptane as zero octane number.3.1.25 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in quality assurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogene
44、ous material having physical or chemical properties, or both, similar tothose of typical samples tested by the analytical measurement system; the material is properly stored to ensure sample integrity,and is available in sufficient quantity for repeated, long term testing. D62993.1.26 repeatability
45、conditions, nconditions where independent test results are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.26.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, a short time interval betwee
46、n two ratings on a sample fuel is understood to be not less than thetime to obtain at least one rating on another sample fuel between them but not so long as to permit any significant change in thesample fuel, test equipment, or environment.3.1.27 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test r
47、esults are obtained with the same method on identical test items indifferent laboratories with different operators using different equipment. E4563.1.28 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity of the analog detonation meter expressed in knockmeter divisions peroctane number. (This feature is
48、not a necessary adjustment in the digital detonation meter.)D2700 1733.1.29 standard knock intensity, analog, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio,
49、with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the prescribed guide table value.The analog detonation meter is adjusted to producean analog knockmeter reading of 50 for these conditions.3.1.30 standard knock intensity, digital, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the prescribed guide table
