1、Designation: D 2720 94 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forCalculation of Commercial Weight and Yield of ScouredWool, Top, and Noil for Various Commercial Compositions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice includes, in Table 1, the commercialcomposit
3、ion corresponding to different commercial designa-tions for scoured wool, wool top, and wool noil, all of whichcontain, in addition to wool base, various percentages ofmoisture, material extractable with alcohol, and mineral matter.1.2 This practice includes directions for the calculation ofthe comm
4、ercial weight of wool corresponding to differentcommercial designations for several forms of wool, and forconverting the commercial weight (mass) calculated on onebasis to the commercial weight calculated on a different basis.1.3 This practice also includes directions for calculating theyield, on va
5、rious commercial designation bases, obtained byprocessing raw wool, and for converting the yield calculated onone commercial designation basis to the yield on anothercommercial designation basis.NOTE 1Because of trade practice the term “weight” is used in thispractice instead of the technically corr
6、ect term “mass”.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
7、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory Scale3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 commercial composition, n in wool, the percentagesby weight of wool base, moisture, and other nonwool-basecomponents in
8、wool to which a specific commercial designa-tion is applied. (Compare commercial weight.)3.1.2 commercial designation, n in wool, a term appliedto a lot of wool in a stated form, and having a specifiedcommercial composition.3.1.3 commercial weight, nbilled weight as determined bya generally accepted
9、 method or as agreed to by the purchaserand the seller.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFor shipments of commercially desig-nated scoured wool, wool top, or wool noil, the generallyaccepted commercial weight is the weight of wool basecontained in the shipment as determined by definite prescribedmethods, plus the w
10、eights of moisture and other componentscorresponding to the commercial composition of the commer-cially designated material. Table 1 lists the common commer-cial designations for scoured wool, wool top, and wool noil,and their respective commercial compositions.1This practice is under the jurisdicti
11、on ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 2720 94(2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
12、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Commercial Composition of CommerciallyDesignated Scoured Wool, Wool Top, and Wool NoilPerc
13、entageWool Base MoistureOtherCompo-nentsASTM Clean Wool Fiber PresentA86.0000 12.0000 2.0000U.S. Customs Absolute Clean ContentB86.0000 12.0000 2.0000IWTO Clean Wool ContentC83.5299 14.5299 1.9402American Oil Combed TopD,E82.4222 13.0435 4.5343American Oil Combed NoilD,E83.4113 12.0000 4.5887America
14、n Dry Combed TopD,E84.1454 13.0435 2.8111American Dry Combed NoilD,E85.1552 12.0000 2.8448Bradford Oil Combed TopD,E79.2980 15.9664 4.7356Bradford Oil Combed NoilD,E82.7760 12.2807 4.9433Bradford Dry Combed TopD,E82.6449 15.4334 1.9217Bradford Dry Combed NoilD,E85.7260 12.2807 1.9933IWTO Noble Oil C
15、ombed TopC79.2995 15.9664 4.7341IWTO Noble Oil Combed NoilC82.7775 12.2807 4.9418IWTO Noble Dry Combed TopC82.6469 15.4334 1.9197IWTO Noble Dry Combed NoilC85.7281 12.2807 1.9912Schlumberger Oil Combed TopC79.2995 15.9664 4.7341Schlumberger Oil Combed NoilC81.3503 13.7931 4.8566Schlumberger Dry Comb
16、ed TopC82.6469 15.4334 1.9197Schlumberger Dry Combed NoilC84.2500 13.7931 1.9569AASTM Method D 584, Test for Wool Content of Raw Wool, Laboratory Scale.BTariff Schedules of the United States of America (1975), Schedule 3, Part 1,Subpart C, Headnote 1(c).CIWTO Core Test Regulations, 1974, Internation
17、al Wool Textile Organization.DCircular No. 3267, Nov. 10, 1954, Boston Wool Trade Assn.ECircular No. 4899, Nov. 2, 1967, Boston Wool Trade Assn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 oven-dried, adjthe condition of a m
18、aterial that hasbeen heated under prescribed conditions of temperature andhumidity until there is no further significant change in its mass.3.1.4.1 DiscussionAs the term “oven-dried” is used inthis recommended practice, the prescribed conditions areheating to 105 6 2C in a forced-draft oven supplied
19、 with airfrom an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 65 6 2%ata temperature of 20 6 2C.Atemperature of 20 6 2C is usedin this recommended practice instead of 21.1 6 1C becauseinternational testing is frequently involved.3.1.5 vegetable matter base, n in raw wool, oven-driedscoured burrs, seeds,
20、 twigs, leaves, and grasses, free of mineralmatter and alcohol-extractable matter.3.1.6 wool base, noven-dried scoured wool free ofalcohol-extractable matter, mineral matter, vegetable matter,and all impurities.3.1.7 yield, nof wool, the percentage of a designatedcommercial composition obtained by p
21、rocessing a lot of rawwool. (See also commercial composition.)3.1.8 For the definition of wool and other textile terms usedin this practice, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Commercial Compositions of CommerciallyDesignated Wool4.1 Significance and UseCommercial scoured wool, top,and clean noil contain
22、, in addition to wool base, varyingpercentages of moisture, oil or fat, other solvent-extractablematerial, mineral matter, and perhaps other impurities. Toestablish a basis for commercial or legal weights for thesecommodities, various organizations representing interestedgroups use specific commerci
23、al designations, such as CleanWool Fiber Present, for each of which a commercial compo-sition is specified.4.2 A number of commercial designations widely used inthe wool trade are listed in Table 1 with their commercialcompositions.5. Commercial Weight of Lots of CommerciallyDesignated Wool5.1 Signi
24、ficance and Use:5.1.1 The observed composition of a lot of wool to which anamed commercial designation is applied, such as a shipmentof American Dry Combed Top, may and usually does differfrom the commercial composition, in which case the observedweight of the lot is adjusted to secure the commercia
25、l weight.5.1.2 The commercial compositions are used also in calcu-lations to convert the commercial weight of a lot of woolhaving a named commercial designation (for example, Ameri-can Oil Combed Top) to the equivalent commercial weight ona different commercial designation basis (for example, Brad-f
26、ord Dry Combed Top).5.2 Calculation of Commercial Weight To adjust theobserved weight of a lot of wool to which a named commercialdesignation is applied to its commercial weight, determine thecomposition of the lot of wool at the time of weighing and useEq 1:W 5 O 3 b/B! (1)where:W = commercial weig
27、ht of the lot,O = observed weight of the lot,B = percentage of wool base specified in the applicablecommercial composition (Table 1), andb = observed wool base content, as a percentage of theobserved weight of the lot.5.3 Conversion of Commercial Weights To convert thecommercial weight of a lot of w
28、ool (5.2) from one commercialdesignation basis to another, use Eq 2:W25 W13 B1/B2(2)where:W1,W2= commercial weights of a lot of wool on thebases of commercial designations 1 and 2,respectively, andB1,B2= percentages of wool base specified in the com-mercial compositions for commercial designa-tions
29、1 and 2, respectively (Table 1).Example 1The commercial weight of a lot of Bradford OilCombed Top is 16 249 lb. What is the equivalent commercialweight of the lot in terms of American Oil Combed Top?Equivalent commercial weight of American Oil Combed Top,lb= 16 249 3 79.2980/82.4222= 15 6336. Estima
30、ted Yield6.1 Significance and Use:6.1.1 The U.S. Customs duty on a lot of imported raw wool,and commercial transactions, are based on the total commercialweight of wool in one or more named commercially designatedTABLE 2 Wool Yield Conversion FactorsNOTE 1Factors in this table are those generally us
31、ed by the wool trade in the United States of America to convert certain commercially designatedestimated yields from one basis to another.From ToU.S. CustomsClean YieldAAmerican OilCombed YieldAmerican DryCombed YieldBradford OilCombed YieldBBradford DryCombed YieldBU.S. Customs Clean YieldA. 1.0419
32、 1.0206 1.0790 1.0361American Oil Combed Yield 0.9598 . 0.9795 1.0356 0.9944American Dry Combed Yield 0.9798 1.0209 . 1.0573 1.0152Bradford Oil Combed YieldB0.9267 0.9656 0.9458 . 0.9602Bradford Dry Combed YieldB0.9651 1.0056 0.9850 1.0414 .AU.S. Customs Clean Yield = U.S. Customs Absolute Clean Con
33、tent minus allowance for processing loss.BThese terms should not be confused with the similar commonly used terms “Bradford Oil Combed Top and Noil Yield and“ Bradford Dry Combed Top and Noil Yield.The latter terms are based on estimated processing allowances and a ratio of top to noil that are diff
34、erent from those on which this table is based.D 2720 94 (2006)2forms which is expected to be obtained when the lot of rawwool is processed in a specified manner. The expected yield isoften estimated visually by experts. A growing practice is tobase the estimate on the observed content of wool base i
35、n thelot, with a specified allowance for that portion of the wool basecontent not expected to be recovered in one of the designatedforms, and on specified proportions for the weights of woolbase in the several forms of wool included in the estimate ofyield.6.1.2 For commercial purposes it is often n
36、ecessary toconvert an estimated yield from one commercial designationbasis to another. Under certain conditions convenient conver-sion factors may be used for this purpose.6.2 Calculation of Estimated Yield To calculate, from theobserved wool base content of a lot of raw wool, the estimatedyield of
37、wool in one or more forms to which commercialdesignations are applied, use Eq 3:Y 5 b 2 A!f1/B11 f2/B21 .! 3 100 (3)where:Y = estimated yield of wool in named commer-cially designated forms, as a percentage ofthe observed weight of the raw wool,b = observed wool base content, as a percentageof the o
38、bserved weight of the raw wool,A = specified allowance for the fraction of b thatis not expected to be obtained in one of theforms included in the estimated yield,f1,f2,. = specified fractions of (b A) that are ex-pected to be obtained in forms 1, 2,.,respectively, included in the yield,B1,B2,. = pe
39、rcentages of wool base specified in thecommercial compositions for commercialdesignations 1, 2,.,respectively (Table 1).Example 2A lot of raw wool has an observed wool basecontent of b %. What are its estimated American Oil CombedYield (AOCY) and its U.S. Customs Clean Yield (USCCY), ifthe agreed al
40、lowance is A % in both cases and the agreed ratioof the weight of wool base in the form of top to the weight ofwool base in the form of noil is 88 to 12?AOCY, % = 100(bA)(0.88/82.4222 + 0.12/83.4113) = 1.21154(bA)USCCY, % = 100(bA)(1/86) = 1.16279(bA)Express the USCCY in terms of the AOCYUSCCY, % =
41、AOCY, % 3 1.16279(bA)/1.21154(bA) = 0.9598 3 AOCY, %6.2.1 If A in Eq 3 is zero, the calculated value of Y is termedthe Theoretical Commercial Yield, that is, the yield of com-mercially designated products that would be obtained if all thewool base were converted to those products without loss ofwool
42、 base.6.3 Factors for Conversion of Estimated Yields:6.3.1 The values of f1in Eq 3 are specified constants in eachcommercial yield designation. The allowance, A,inEq3isavariable and not necessarily the same for a given lot of rawwool in all commercial yield designations. When the samevalue for A for
43、 a given lot of raw wool is specified in a groupor class of commercial yield designations, a factor can be usedto convert the yield at one commercial designation in the groupto the yield at another commercial designation in the group, asshown in Eq 4:Yield new designation!5factor x yield starting de
44、signation! (4)6.3.2 Factors for use in Eq 4 are calculated using Eq 5:factor 5f1.N/B1.N1 f2.N/B2.N1 .!f1.S/B1.S1 f2.S/B2.S1 .!(5)where the general meaning of f1,f2, .andB1,B2. . . are asspecified in 6.2 except that the second part of each subscriptindicates whether the value is for the new or starti
45、ng commer-cial designation.6.3.3 The commercial designations for estimated yield andthe factors for their interconversion that are commonly used bythe wool trade in the United States of America are thoserecommended by the Boston Wool Trade Association.3,4Thesecommercial designations and conversion f
46、actors are shown inTable 2. They were calculated using Eq 5 under the followingspecified conditions:6.3.3.1 The value for f for top is 0.88; for noil, 0.12; for U.S.Customs Clean Yield, 1.0.6.3.3.2 The values of the B1are those tabulated in Table 1for the respective commercial designations.6.3.3.3 T
47、he allowance, A, for each of the commercialdesignations listed in Table 2 is that calculated using Eq 6(Note 2):A 5 0.005 b 1 0.6 v (6)where:A = allowance, not to exceed 0.15b, as a percentage of theobserved weight of the raw wool,b = observed wool base content as a percentage of theobserved weight
48、of the raw wool, andv = observed vegetable-matter base that was present in thelot of raw wool, as a percentage of the observed weightof the raw wool.Example 3A lot of greasy wool has a U.S. Customs CleanYield of 10 000 lb. Verify and use the factor in Table 2 forestimating the equivalent Bradford Oi
49、l Combed Yield.Factor 50.88/79.2980! 1 0.12/82.7760!1/865 1.0790 (7)Yield Bradford Oil Combed!51.0790 3 10 000 5 10 790 lb(8)NOTE 2Eq 6 is the equivalent of the one prescribed by law5for theallowance in calculating U.S. Customs Clean Yield. A different allowancefor estimating combing yields (to which other commercial designationsare applied) is specified by the International Wool Textile Organization.67. Keywords7.1 commercial mass; wool; yield3Circular No. 3267, Nov. 10, 1954, Boston Wool Trade Assn.4Circular No. 4899, Nov. 2, 1967, Bost
