1、Designation: D 2855 96 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Practice forMaking Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Pipe and Fittings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2855; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department
3、of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for making jointswith poly(vinyl chloride) plastic (PVC) pipes, both plain endsand fittings, and bell ends, by means of solvent cements. Theseprocedures are general ones for PVC piping. In non-pressureapplications, simplified procedures may
4、be used. Manufactur-ers should supply specific instructions for their particularproducts, if and when it seems necessary.1.2 The techniques covered are applicable only to PVCpipe, both plain and bell-end, and fittings of the same classes asdescribed in Specification D 1784.1.3 Pipe and fittings are
5、manufactured within certain toler-ances to provide for the small variations in the extrusion,belling, and molding processes and are not to exact size. Apartial list of standards for PVC pipe, fittings, and cementssuitable for use in making solvent-cemented joints is given inAppendix X1.1.4 The value
6、s stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 The text of this practice references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be conside
7、redas requirements of the practice.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
8、ations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 740 Specification for Methyl Ethyl Ketone2D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlastics3D 1784 Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(CPVC) Compounds3D 2564 Specif
9、ication for Solvent Cements for Poly(VinylChloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems4F 402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements,Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipeand Fittings4F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems4F 656 Specification for Primers for Use in S
10、olvent CementJoints of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe andFittings4NOTE 1Other standards suitable for use in making solvent-cementedjoints for PVC pipe and fittings are listed in Appendix X1.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology F 412, and abbreviations
11、 are in accordance with Ter-minology D 1600, unless otherwise specified.4. Summary of Practice4.1 To consistently make good joints, the following shouldbe clearly understood and adhered to:4.1.1 The joining surfaces must be softened (dissolved) andmade semi-fluid.4.1.2 Sufficient cement must be appl
12、ied to fill the gapbetween pipe and fitting.4.1.3 Assembly of pipe and fittings must be made while thesurfaces are still wet and fluid.4.1.4 Joint strength develops as the cement dries. In the tightpart of the joint the surfaces will tend to fuse together; in theloose part the cement will bond to bo
13、th surfaces.4.2 Penetration and dissolving can be achieved by thecement itself, by a suitable primer, or by the use of both primerand cement. A suitable primer will penetrate and dissolve theplastic more quickly than cement alone. In cold weather, moretime and additional applications are required (s
14、ee Fig. 1).4.3 More than sufficient cement to fill the loose part of thejoint must be applied (see Fig. 2). Besides filling the gap,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.20 on Joining.Current editi
15、on approved March 10, 1996. Published May 1996. Originallypublished as D 2855 70. Last previous edition D 2855 93.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.adequate cement layers will penetrate the surfaces and alsoremain wet until the joint is assembled.4.4 If the cement coatings on the pipe and fittings are wetand fluid when assembly takes place, they will tend to flowtogether and become one ceme
17、nt layer. Also, if the cement iswet the surfaces beneath them will still be soft, and thesedissolved surfaces in the tight part of the joint will tend to fusetogether (see Fig. 3).4.5 As the solvent dissipates, the cement layer and thedissolved surfaces will harden with a corresponding increase injo
18、int strength. A good joint will take the required workingpressure long before the joint is fully dry and final strength isobtained. In the tight (fused) part of the joint, strength willdevelop more quickly than in the looser (bonded) part of thejoint. Completed joints should not be disturbed until t
19、hey havecured sufficiently to withstand handling. Joint strength devel-ops as the cement dries. Information about the development ofbond strength of solvent cemented joints is available (see Fig.4).5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques described herein can be used to producestrong pressure-tight
20、 joints between PVC pipe and fittings,either in shop operations or in the field. However, skill andknowledge on the part of the operator are required to obtain agood quality joint. This skill and knowledge can be obtained bymaking joints under the guidance of skilled operators andtesting them until
21、good quality joints are obtained.6. Materials6.1 Pipe and FittingsThe pipe and fittings should meetthe requirements of current applicable PVC piping standards. Alist of these standards is given in Appendix X1.6.2 Solvent Cement:6.2.1 SpecificationThe solvent cement should meet all therequirements of
22、 Specification D 2564.6.2.2 SelectionPVC solvent cements are available in avariety of viscosities and wet film thicknesses to cover therange of pipe sizes from18 to 12 in. and for interference-fitjoints as well as noninterference joints, as found in someSchedule 80 pipe and fittings. One of the gene
23、ral principles ofsolvent cementing that should be strictly adhered to is: suffi-cient cement must be applied to fill the gap between pipe andfitting.6.2.2.1 The ability of a solvent cement to fill a gap in a pipejoint can be determined by considering its viscosity andwet-film thickness (see Note X3.
24、1). A guide to the properselection of a solvent cement for the various pipe sizes is givenin Table X3.1 and Table X3.2, where PVC solvent cements areclassified (for purposes of identification) as regular-bodied,medium-bodied, and heavy-bodied cement based on minimumviscosity and minimum wet-film thi
25、ckness.6.2.3 StoragePVC solvent cements should be stored in acool place except when actually in use at the job site. Thesecements have a limited shelf life when not stored in hermeti-cally sealed containers. Screw top containers are not consid-ered to be hermetically sealed. Consult the cement manuf
26、ac-turer for specific storage recommendations on storageconditions and shelf life. The cement is unsuitable for use onthe job if it exhibits an appreciable change from the originalviscosity, or if a sign of gelation is apparent. Restoration of theoriginal viscosity or removal of gelation by adding s
27、olvents orthinners is not recommended.6.3 CleanersCleaners are of two types, chemical andmechanical (abrasives). Cleaners are used to remove surfaceimpurities (oil, dirt, etc.) and surface gloss.6.3.1 Chemical CleanersThe chemical cleaners are asfollows:FIG. 1 Areas of Pipe and Fittings to Be Soften
28、ed (Dissolved) andPenetratedFIG. 2 Cement Coatings of Sufficient ThicknessFIG. 3 Assembly of Surfaces While They Are Wet and SoftFIG. 4 Bonded and Fused Surfaces of Joined PipeD 2855 96 (2002)26.3.1.1 Cleaner recommended by the pipe, fittings, or ce-ment manufacturer, and6.3.1.2 Methyl ethyl ketone
29、(MEK) in accordance withSpecification D 740.6.3.2 Mechanical CleanersThe mechanical cleaners areas follows:6.3.2.1 Fine abrasive paper or cloth (180 grit or finer), and6.3.2.2 Clean, oil-free steel wool.6.4 PrimersPrimers are used to clean, soften, and dissolvethe joining surfaces in order to better
30、 prepare them for solventcementing. Primers must be capable of dissolving 10 weight %of PVC resin as required in Specification F 656. Primers mayalso be used as cleaners; refer to specific recommendations ofthe manufacturer.NOTE 2In the event of conflicting instructions from the pipe, fittings,or ce
31、ment manufacturer, use a primer as well as solvent cement in thejoining procedure.6.4.1 Primer SpecificationThe primer shall meet the re-quirements of Specification F 656.7. Procedure7.1 Cutting the PipeCut pipe square with the axis, usinga fine-tooth hand saw and a miter box, or a fine-tooth powers
32、aw with a suitable guide (see Fig. 5). Wood-working bladesmay be used. A rotary cutter may be used if the cutting bladesare specifically designed for cutting plastic pipe in such a wayas not to raise a burr or ridge (flare) at the cut end of the pipe.If other tools are not available, a standard rota
33、ry metal pipecutter may be used, provided great care is taken to remove allthe ridge raised at the pipe end by the wedging action of thecutting wheels. Failure to remove the ridge will result in thecement in the fitting socket being scraped from the socketsurface, producing a dry joint with a high p
34、robability of jointfailure. Remove all burrs with a knife, file, or abrasive paper.7.2 Joint PreparationChamfer or deburr pipe, or both,approximately as illustrated in Fig. 6. Failing to chamfer theedge of the pipe may remove the cement and softened materialfrom the fitting socket, and result in a l
35、eaking joint.7.3 Test Dry Fit of the Joint (see Fig. 7)The solventcement joint is designed so that there will generally beinterference of pipe wall with the fitting socket before the pipeis fully inserted. Insert the pipe into the fitting and check thatthe interference occurs about13 to23 of the soc
36、ket depth.Sometimes, when the pipe and fittings are at their toleranceextremes or when Schedule 80 pipe is used, it may be possibleto fully insert the dry pipe into the fitting socket until itbottoms. If this occurs, the fit between the pipe and fittingshould be snug. If the fit is loose or wobbly,
37、other fittings orpipe should be selected which give a proper fit.7.4 CleaningSurfaces to be joined must be cleaned and befree of dirt, moisture, oil, and other foreign material (see Fig.8). If this cannot be accomplished by wiping with a clean drycloth, a chemical or mechanical cleaner must be used.
38、 If achemical cleaner is used, apply with an applicator. Skin contactwith chemical cleaners should be avoided.7.5 Application Procedure:7.5.1 Handling CementKeep the cement can closed andin a shady place when not actually in use. Discard the cementwhen an appreciable change in viscosity takes place,
39、 or at thefirst sign of gelation. The cement should not be thinned. Keepthe brush immersed in cement between applications.NOTE 3A gel condition is indicated when the cement does not flowfreely from the brush or when the cement appears lumpy and stringy.7.5.2 Applicator SizeApply the cement with a na
40、turalbristle, nylon brush or suitable applicator, using a12-in.(12-mm) brush or dauber for nominal pipe size12-in. and less,a 1-in. (25-mm) brush or dauber for pipe up through 2-in.nominal pipe size, and a brush width at least12 of nominal pipesize for sizes above 2 in., except that for pipe sizes 6
41、 in. andlarger a 212-in. (60-mm) brush is adequate. Other applicatorsmay be used provided their use results in an equivalent amountof cement being applied to the joining surfaces.7.5.3 Application of Primer and CementPVC solventcement is fast drying, and therefore the cement shall be appliedas quick
42、ly as possible, consistent with good workmanship. Itmay be necessary for two workers to perform this operation forlarger sizes of pipe. Under conditions of high atmospherichumidity, quick application is important to minimize conden-sation of moisture from the air on the cement surface. Thesurface te
43、mperature of the mating surfaces should not exceed110F (45C) at the time of assembly. In direct sunlight or inambient temperatures above 110F, the pipe surface mayexceed 110F. The pipe temperature may be reduced byswabbing the surface to be cemented with clean wet ragsprovided the pipe is thoroughly
44、 dried before the primer andcement are applied.7.5.3.1 First apply primer to inside socket surface (see 7.5.2for applicator or brush size). Use a scrubbing motion to ensurepenetration. Repeated applications may be necessary (see Fig.9).FIG. 5 Apparatus for Cutting PipeD 2855 96 (2002)37.5.3.2 Next,
45、soften surface of male end of pipe, to beinserted into socket, to depth of fitting socket by uniformlyapplying a liberal coat of primer. Be sure entire surface is wellsoftened (dissolved) (see Fig. 10).7.5.3.3 Again, brush inside socket surface with primer; then,without delay, apply cement to pipe w
46、hile the surfaces are stillwet with primer (see Fig. 11).7.5.3.4 Apply cement lightly but uniformly to inside ofsocket, taking care to keep excess cement out of socket. This isto prevent solvent damage to pipe (see Fig. 12). Time isimportant at this stage. Apply a second coat of cement to thepipe en
47、d (see Fig. 11).7.5.4 Low-Temperature ApplicationAt temperatures be-low freezing, 32F (0C), solvents penetrate and soften thePVC surfaces more slowly than in warmer weather. For thisreason it is recommended that testing be done on a piece ofscrap pipe of the same lot to determine if satisfactory pen
48、etra-tion of the surfaces can be achieved at the existing temperature.This test can be done by applying the primer, waiting a fewminutes and scraping the surface with a knife edge. If sufficientpenetration is achieved, some of the plastic surface of the pipeshould be soft enough to be removed. If su
49、fficient penetrationis not achieved, even with multiple applications of primer, it isunlikely that a suitable joint will result.7.5.4.1 Individual scrape tests may be needed for pipes andfittings from different manufacturers or even for pipes andfittings of different lots from the same manufacturer, because ofpossible surface variations. Furthermore, it is good practice touse this test, regardless of ambient temperature, not onlyFIG. 6 Chamfer and Deburring of Pipe EdgesFIG. 7 Pipe Entering Dry FittingFIG. 8 Cleaning of Pipe with Dry Cloth to Remov
