1、Designation: D2880 14D2880 14aStandard Specification forGas Turbine Fuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines
3、, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance ofinterested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth theproperties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user.1.2 Three appendixes are provided fo
4、r informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specificationunless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significanceof various test methods
5、 used in inspecting the fuels.1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operationof gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limitsof trace met
6、als are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute arequirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used orrecycled oil are also noted.NOTE 1The gas turbine operator sho
7、uld consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-termstorage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.NOTE 2Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations whi
8、ch may be more restrictive.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more informationon the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed
9、Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Devic
10、e Method)D396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel
11、Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D1796 Test Method f
12、or Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lu
13、bricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published August 2014January 2015. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 asD2880 13b.D288
14、0 14. DOI: 10.1520/D2880-14.10.1520/D2880-14A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document i
15、s not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as approp
16、riate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United State
17、s1D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission SpectroscopyD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative De
18、nsity, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Gas TurbinesD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Stat
19、ic Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950
20、Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD6728 Test Method for Determination of Contaminants in Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel
21、 by Rotating Disc ElectrodeAtomic Emission SpectrometryD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of KinematicViscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7220 Test Method for Sulfur i
22、nAutomotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometry2.2 Other Documents:326 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and Concentration40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 contamination, nany pro
23、cess which introduces contaminants into the fuel.3.1.2 fuel contaminant, nmaterial not intended to be present in a fuel, whether introduced during manufacture, handling,distribution or storage, that makes the fuel less suitable for the intended use.3.1.2.1 DiscussionContaminants, which can be solubl
24、e in the fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid or semi-solid particles), can be theresult of improper processing or contamination by a wide range of materials including water, rust, airblown dust, deterioration ofinternal protective coatings on pipes or vessels and products of fuel d
25、egradation and microbial growth.3.1.2.2 DiscussionSolid or semisolid contaminants can be referred to as silt or sediment.3.1.3 hydrocarbon oil, na homogeneous mixture with elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that may alsocontain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual impurities
26、 and contaminants associated with the fuels raw materials andmanufacturing processes and excluding added oxygenated materials.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNeither macro nor micro emulsions are included in this definition since neither are homogeneous mixtures.3.1.3.2 DiscussionExamples of excluded oxygenated m
27、aterials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.3.1.3.3 Discussion3 Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.D2880 14a2The hydrocarbon oil may be manufactured from a variety of raw materials, for example, petroleum (crude oil), oil s
28、ands, naturalgas, coal and biomass. Appendix X3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use of fuel oils from feedstocks otherthan petroleum.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fuel contaminantsfuel components other than hydrocarbon oils. In the present context th
29、e contaminants are foreignmaterials that make the fuel less suitable or even unsuitable for the intended use.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe contaminants of primary interest are foreign materials introduced subsequent to the manufacture of specification quality fuel.Hence they are materials introduced in the
30、distribution system (that is, storage tanks, pipelines, tank trucks, barges, etc.) or in theusers storage and handling system, or generated within these systems (rust generated in steel pipes and tanks by moist fuel, andso forth). Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.3.2.1 fuel enter
31、ing the combustor(s)the fuel that is actually burned in the gas turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a point upstreamfrom the point of entry into the combustor(s), provided the sample is representative of the fuel actually entering the combustor(s).4. General Requirements4.1 The grades of gas turbine fue
32、ls herein specified shall be hydrocarbon oils with the use of additives to enhance performanceproperties, if required. The hydrocarbon oils shall be free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid or fibrousforeign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessar
33、y.NOTE 4Additives are generally included in finished gas turbine fuel oil to improve performance properties (corrosion and anti-corrosion, and soforth).4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity intolight and heavy oil compon
34、ents outside the viscosity limits for the grade.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements shown in Table 1. As noted in thesupplementary footnotes to Table 1, the requirements for Grade Nos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respect
35、s to correspondingGrade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D396, and to Grade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D975. The viscosity range ofGrade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D396 and Grade No. 4-D of SpecificationD975. It is the intent that fuels mee
36、ting Specification D396 and D975 requirements may also be supplied under these specificationsprovided they meet the requirements listed in Table 1.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements and the inclusion of fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may beagreed upon between the interes
37、ted parties.5.3 The properties listed in this specification are those of greatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance of theturbine. However, trace metals, even in fractional parts per million, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Information on themaximum concentration of criti
38、cal metallic elements in the fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided in Appendix X2.Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purity as refined, but suppliers rarely have control over possible contamination by tracemetals in distribution and storage. The limits in Appendix X2, alth
39、ough required as the fuel enters the combustor(s), do not applyto the fuel as delivered unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may, therefore, require on-site clean-up, qualitycontrol procedures, special handling, or other arrangements.6. Test Methods6.1 The requirements enumer
40、ated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following ASTM methodsexcept as noted:6.1.1 Flash PointTest Methods D93, except where other methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Method D3828and D7094 may be used as an alternative with the same limits. For Grades N
41、o. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D564 may beused as an alternative with the same limits provided the flash point is below 93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at 40C.This test method will give slightly lower values. In case of dispute, Test Method D93 shall be used as the referee method.6.1.2 P
42、our PointTest Method D97. For all grades, the automatic Test Methods D5949, D5950, or D5985 can be used asalternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, Test Method D97 shall be used as the referee method.6.1.3 Water and SedimentTest Method D2709 is used for Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test M
43、ethod D1796 is used forGrades 3-GT and 4-GT.6.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.6.1.5 AshTest Method D482.4 Other mutually acceptable methods may be used.D2880 14a36.1.6 DistillationTest Method D86.6.1.7 ViscosityTest Method D445. Bias-corrected values from Test Method D7042 may be used as alternat
44、ive results for TestMethod D445 on Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT with the same limits. Section 15, Precision and Bias, of Test Method D7042contains bias-correction information. In case of dispute, Test Method D445 shall be used as the referee method.6.1.8 DensityTest Method D1298 or D4052.6.1.9 Sulfu
45、rTest Method D129, Test MethodsD1552,5 D2622, and D4294 can also be used for all grades. In addition, Test Method D1266 can be used for Grades No. 0 andNo. 1, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.4 mass percent and less (down to 0.01 %). Test Method D5453 can beused for Grades 0, 1, and
46、 2 GT oils, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.8 mass % and less (down to 0.001 %). TestMethod D7220 may be used for Grades 0, 1, and 2 GT oils, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.942 mass % andless (down to 0.0003 %). Test Method D129 is the referee sulfur test method
47、for Specification D2880.7. Keywords7.1 fuel oils; gas turbine; petroleum and petroleum products5 For information on the precision of the ASTM methods of test for fuel oils refer to “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford and G. V. Dyroff (1969). This docu
48、ment is available from the Publications Section, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to UserA,B,CPropertyASTMTestMethodDGradeENo. 0-GT No. 1-GTF No. 2-GTF No. 3-GT No. 4-GTF
49、lash pointC (F) minD93 G 38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)Water and sediment% vol maxD2709D17960.05.0.05.0.05.1.0.1.0DistillationTemperature D86C (F)90 % volume recoveredmin . . 282 . .max . 288 338 . .Kinematic viscosity2 mm/sH D445AT 40C (104F) min G 1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5max 2.4 4.1 . .AT 100C (212F) max . . 50.0 50.0RamsbottomCarbon residueon10 % distillationResidue% mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .Ash% mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .Density at D129815C kg/m3max . 850 876 . .Pour pointHC (F) maxD97 . 18 6 . .A To meet special opera
