1、Designation: D2880 18Standard Specification forGas Turbine Fuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gasturbines, exceptin
3、g gas turbines used in aircraft, for theguidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturersand the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specificationsets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place ofcustody transfer to the user.1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informatio
4、nal pur-poses only and do not constitute a requirement of this specifi-cation unless mutually agreed upon between the interestedparties.1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbinefuels covered by this specification. Further, it states thesignificance of various test methods used in in
5、specting thefuels.1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami-nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in theoperation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. Theparticular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels isnoted. Upper limits of trace metals are reco
6、mmended for thevarious grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommendedlimits do not constitute a requirement of the specificationunless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limita-tions due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.NOTE 1The gas turbine operator should consult
7、Practice D4418 formethods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance onlong-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleumsources as gas turbine.NOTE 2Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance offederal, state, or local regulations which may be more
8、restrictive.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For moreinformation on the subject, see Guide D4865.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles o
9、n standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag
10、Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Press
11、ure Decomposition Device Method)D396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD975 Spe
12、cification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Com
13、bustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method
14、for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuelsby Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the d
15、irect responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2880 15. DOI:10.1520/D2880-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visi
16、t the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 10
17、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and R
18、ecommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petr
19、oleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuelsfor Gas TurbinesD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
20、Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pou
21、r Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsD6728 Test Method for Determination of Contaminants inGas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel by Rotating DiscElectrode Atomic Emission SpectrometryD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and D
22、ensity ofLiquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-rayFluorescence Spectrometr
23、yD7344 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Productsand Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Mini Method)D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Productsand Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-lation Method)D7346 Test Method for No Flow Point and Pour Point ofPetroleum P
24、roducts and Liquid Fuels2.2 Other Documents:326 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 contamination, nany process which introduces con-taminants into the fuel.3.1.2 fuel contaminant, nmat
25、erial not intended to bepresent in a fuel, whether introduced during manufacture,handling, distribution or storage, that makes the fuel lesssuitable for the intended use.3.1.2.1 DiscussionContaminants, which can be soluble inthe fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid orsemi-solid part
26、icles), can be the result of improper processingor contamination by a wide range of materials including water,rust, airblown dust, deterioration of internal protective coatingson pipes or vessels and products of fuel degradation andmicrobial growth.3.1.2.2 DiscussionSolid or semisolid contaminants c
27、an bereferred to as silt or sediment.3.1.3 hydrocarbon oil, na homogeneous mixture withelemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen thatmay also contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residualimpurities and contaminants associated with the fuels rawmaterials and manufacturing processes a
28、nd excluding addedoxygenated materials.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNeither macro nor micro emulsions areincluded in this definition since neither are homogeneousmixtures.3.1.3.2 DiscussionExamples of excluded oxygenated ma-terials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.3.1.3.3 DiscussionThe hydrocarb
29、on oil may be manufac-tured from a variety of raw materials, for example, petroleum(crude oil), oil sands, natural gas, coal and biomass. AppendixX3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the useof fuel oils from feedstocks other than petroleum.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This S
30、tandard:3.2.1 fuel entering the combustor(s)the fuel that is actu-ally burned in the gas turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a pointupstream from the point of entry into the combustor(s),provided the sample is representative of the fuel actuallyentering the combustor(s).4. General Requirements4.1 The gr
31、ades of gas turbine fuels herein specified shall behydrocarbon oils with the use of additives to enhance perfor-mance properties, if required. The hydrocarbon oils shall befree of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solidor fibrous foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning ofsuita
32、ble strainers necessary.NOTE 4Additives are generally included in finished gas turbine fueloil to improve performance properties (corrosion and anti-corrosion, andso forth).4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainhomogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravityinto light
33、and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limitsfor the grade.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conformto the limiting requirements shown in Table 1. As noted in thesupplementary footnotes to Table 1, the requirements for GradeNos. 1-GT and 2-GT confor
34、m in most respects to correspond-ing Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D396, and toGrade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D975. The viscosityrange of Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the GradeNos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D396 and Grade No. 4-D ofSpecification D975. It is the inte
35、nt that fuels meeting Specifi-cation D396 and D975 requirements may also be suppliedunder these specifications provided they meet the requirementslisted in Table 1.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.D2880 1825.2 Modifications of limitin
36、g requirements and the inclusionof fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may beagreed upon between the interested parties.5.3 The properties listed in this specification are those ofgreatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance ofthe turbine. However, trace metals, even in
37、fractional parts permillion, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Informationon the maximum concentration of critical metallic elements inthe fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided inAppendix X2. Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purityas refined, but suppliers rar
38、ely have control over possiblecontamination by trace metals in distribution and storage. Thelimits in Appendix X2, although required as the fuel enters thecombustor(s), do not apply to the fuel as delivered unlessmutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may,therefore, require on-site cl
39、ean-up, quality control procedures,special handling, or other arrangements.6. Test Methods6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted:6.1.1 Flash PointTest Methods D93, except where othermethods are prescribe
40、d by law. For all grades, Test MethodD3828 and D7094 may be used as an alternative with the samelimits. For Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D564may be used as an alternative with the same limits provided theflash point is below 93 C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/sat 40 C. This test me
41、thod will give slightly lower values. Incase of dispute, Test Method D93 shall be used as the refereemethod.6.1.2 Pour PointTest Method D97. For all grades, theautomatic Test Methods D5949, D5950, D5985 or D7346 may4Other mutually acceptable methods may be used.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas
42、Turbine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to UserA,B,CPropertyASTMTestMethodDGradeENo. 0-GT No. 1-GTFNo. 2-GTFNo. 3-GT No. 4-GTFlash pointC (F) minD93G38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)Water and sediment% vol maxD2709D17960.05.0.05.0.05.1.0.1.0DistillationTemperature D86C (F)90 % volu
43、me recoveredmin . . 282 . .max . 288 338 . .Kinematic viscosity2 mm/sHD445AT 40 C (104 F) minG1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5max 2.4 4.1 . .AT 100 C (212 F) max . . 50.0 50.0RamsbottomCarbon residueon10 % distillationResidue% mass, maxD524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .Ash% mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .Density at D12981
44、5 C kg/m3max . 850 876 . .Pour pointHC (F) maxD97 . 18 6 . .ATo meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BGas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur limits to preve
45、nt cold end corrosion. Environmental limits may also apply to fuel sulfur in selectedareas in the United States and in other countries.CSee Section 4 and 5 for further statements on gas turbine fuel oil requirements.DThe test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable metho
46、ds are indicated in 6.1.ENo. 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B fuel and other volatile hydrocarbon liquids. No. 1-GT corresponds in general to specification D396 Grade No. 1 fuel and D975 Grade1-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 2-GT corresponds in general to Specification D396 No. 2 fuel and D97
47、5 Grade 2-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 3-GTand No. 4-GT viscosity range brackets specification D396 Grades No. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No. 6, and D975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in physical properties.FUnder United States regulations, Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT are require
48、d by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of dye Solvent Red 164 so its presenceis visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalentto 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the sol
49、id dye standard Solvent Red 26.GWhen the flash point is below 38 C (100 F) or when kinematic viscosity is below 1.3 mm2/s at 40 C (104 F) or when both conditions exist, the turbine manufacturershould be consulted with respect to safe handling and fuel system design.HFor cold weather operation, the pour point should be specified 6 C below the ambient temperature at which the turbine is to be operated except where fuel heatingfacilities are provided. When a pour point less than 18 C is specified for Grade No. 2-GT, the minimum viscosity shall be
