1、Designation: D2881 12 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Classification forMetalworking Fluids and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification covers and is designed to standardizeand consolidate the terminology, nomenclature, and classifica-tio
3、n of metalworking fluids and related materials.1.2 Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal andforming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants associatedwith both types of processes.1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of productquality or suitability for a given metalworking o
4、peration.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 amorphous, adjpossessing neither a lattice nor crys-talline arrangement of atoms.2.1.2 crystalli
5、ne, adjpossessing a lattice or crystallinestructure; that is, a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms inspace.2.1.3 emulsifier, na surface-active agent, or surfactant,that is at least partially soluble in both liquids (phases) of anemulsion, and thus stabilizes one in the other.2.1.4 emulsion, na
6、 relatively stable mixture of two immis-cible liquids, one of which is held in suspension in the other bysmall amounts of emulsifiers.2.1.5 functional additive, nin metalworking fluids,achemical substance formulated into a metalworking fluid toprovide one or more specific performance properties noti
7、nherently provided by the basestock.2.1.5.1 DiscussionFunctional additives include, but arenot limited to, antifoaming agents, antimicrobial pesticides,buffers, corrosion inhibitors, coupling agents, emulsifiers, lu-bricity additives, and metal deactivators. The number andrange of functional additiv
8、es varies with the metalworkingfluid formulation, and can range from a single additive tonumerous additives in order to provide the performanceproperties specified by the fluid compounder.2.1.6 micelle, na colloidal aggregate of surfactant mol-ecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.2.1.7
9、 petroleum oil, na naturally occurring hydrocarbonmix that was initially formed under pressure in the earths crustand is liquid at room temperature.2.1.8 straight oil, nin metalworking fluids, an oil, petro-leum or synthetic, which essentially contains no water and isneither emulsifiable nor miscibl
10、e in water.2.1.9 synthetic fluid, na non-petroleum liquid that pos-sesses lubricating properties. It includes both man-made andnaturally occurring liquids.2.1.10 vitreous, adjhaving the appearance and propertiesof a glass; that is, a hard, amorphous, brittle structure.3. Significance and Use3.1 Meta
11、lworking may be divided into two general types ofprocesses, metal deformation (such as rolling) and metalremoval (such as grinding or cutting). This classification liststhe various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used todirectly provide cooling and lubrication in both types ofmetalworking pro
12、cesses. It is intended for use by those inmetalworking or related industries who want to differentiatethese materials. It is up to the user of this classification todetermine the relevance of the items listed with respect to theirapplication.4. Basis of Classification4.1 Metalworking fluids and rela
13、ted materials are dividedinto three broad categories: petroleum oil containing fluids,non-petroleum fluids, and solid and semi-solid materials.Under each of these broad categories, the types of fluids andmaterials related to each category are listed with a description.4.1.1 Petroleum Oil-Containing
14、Fluids:4.1.1.1 Emulsifiable Oil (frequently referred to as “SolubleOil”):(1) Generally contains 30 % oil before dilution withwater.(2) Contains emulsifiers and other functional additives.(3) Generally creates a macro-emulsion (average size1.0 m) when diluted with water.1This classification is under
15、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.L0.04 on Metal Deformation Fluids and Lubricants.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1970. Last previous edition
16、approved in 2012 as D288112. DOI: 10.1520/D2881-12R14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(4) Blended with water in its end use.4.1.1.2 Semi-synthetic Fluid:(1) Generally contains 20% water and 50% petroleum-oil.(2) Contai
17、ns functional additives.(3) Generally creates a micro-emulsion (average particlesize 1.0 m) when diluted in water.(4) Blended with water in its end use.4.1.1.3 Straight Oil:(1) Contains petroleum oil but essentially no water.(2) Not emulsifiable.(3) Can contain functional additives.4.1.2 Synthetic N
18、on-Petroleum Fluids:4.1.2.1 Solution Synthetic Fluid:(1) Contains no petroleum oil.(2) Contains functional additives.(3) Forms in a single-phase a true solution (no micelles)when mixed with water.(4) Blended with water in its end use.4.1.2.2 Emulsion Synthetic Fluid:(1) Prepared from vegetable oil,
19、esters or other syntheticbasestocks.(2) Contains emulsifiers and other functional additives butno petroleum oil.(3) Produces an emulsion when added to water.(4) Blended with water in its end use.4.1.2.3 Straight Synthetic Oil:(1) Contains no petroleum oil nor water.(2) Formulations typically prepare
20、d with renewabletriglycerides, synthetic hydrocarbons, esters or other oil-soluble basestocks; generally combined with oil-soluble addi-tives that contain no water.(3) Not intended to be diluted nor emulsified with water inits end use.4.1.3 Solid Lubricants:4.1.3.1 Powders:(1) Crystalline.(2) Polyme
21、ric.(3) Amorphous.4.1.3.2 Vitreous Materials:(1) Borates.(2) Glasses.(3) Phosphates.4.1.3.3 Greases and Pastes:(1) Greases.(2) Dispersions or solutions in non-aqueous fluids.(3) Dispersions or solutions in water.4.1.3.4 Solid Films:(1) Particle bonded.(2) Resin bonded.(3) Vitreous bonded.5. Keywords
22、5.1 coolants; greases; metal forming fluids; metal removalfluids; metalworking fluids; pastes; semi-synthetic fluids; solidlubricants; soluble oilsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users o
23、f this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every fiv
24、e years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical c
25、ommittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
26、 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 12 (2014)2
