1、Designation: D 2937 04Standard Test Method forDensity of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of i
3、n-placedensity of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test methodinvolves obtaining a relatively undisturbed soil sample bydriving a thin-walled cylinder and the subsequent activities forthe determination of in-place density. When sampling orin-place density is required at depth, Test Method D 15
4、87should be used.1.2 This test method is not appropriate for sampling organicsoils which can compress upon sampling, very hard naturalsoils and heavily compacted soils which cannot be easilypenetrated by the drive sampler, soils of low plasticity whichwill not be readily retained in the cylinder, or
5、 soils whichcontain appreciable amounts of gravel (particles coarser than4.75 mm (316 in.). The presence of particles coarser than 4.75mm (316 in.) may introduce significant errors in densitymeasurements by causing voids along the wall of the cylinderduring driving, and when coarse materials have to
6、 be dislodgedby the trimming of the sample obtained by the cylinder.1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessaryfor obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-placedensity and water content of certain soils. The procedures andprecautions necessary for selecting locations and
7、obtainingundisturbed samples suitable for laboratory testing or other-wise determining engineering properties is beyond the scope ofthis test method.1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and a unit of force (lbf). This
8、 implicitly combines two separatesystems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This test method has been written using the gravita-tional system of uni
9、ts when dealing with the inch-poundsystem. In this system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force(weight). However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3should not be regarded as nonconformance with this testmethod.1.5 All observed and
10、 calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.6 The standard values stated in SI units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.1.7 This standard does not purport to
11、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Term
12、inology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,000 ft-lbf/ft (600kN-m/m)D 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2700kN-m/m)D 1587
13、Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of SoilsD 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and RockD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soilsfor Engineering Practices (Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for the Evaluation of Agencies Engag
14、ed inthe Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven MethodD 4753 Specification for Evaluating Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Roc
15、k, and1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition ap
16、proved in 2000 as D 2937 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section ap
17、pears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Construction Materials TestingD 4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide GasPressure Tester Me
18、thodD 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Direct Heating MethodD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DAta3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with Ter-minology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can
19、 be used to determine the in-placedensity of natural, inorganic soils which do not containsignificant amounts of particles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.),and which can be readily retained in the drive cylinder. Thistest method may also be used to determine the in-place densityof compacted soils used
20、 in construction of structural fill,highway embankments, or earth dams. When the in-placedensity is to be used as a basis for acceptance, the drivecylinder volumes must be as large as practical and not less than850 cm3(.03 ft3).4.2 This test method is not recommended for use in organicor friable soi
21、ls. This test method may not be applicable for soft,highly plastic, noncohesive, saturated or other soils which areeasily deformed, compress during sampling, or which may notbe retained in the drive cylinder. The use of this test method insoils containing particles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.) may
22、result in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. SoilsFIG. 1 Typical Design for a Surface Soil SamplerTABLE 1 Dimensional Equivalent for Fig. 1mm in. mm in.2564 101.2 43.3 0.13 114.3 4124.8316 127.0 51934 152.4 644.4 134 212.0 8113276 3 863.6 3497.2 31316 1117.6 44D2937042containing particles coars
23、er than 4.75 mm (316 in.) may notyield valid results if voids are created along the wall of cylinderduring driving, or if particles are dislodged from the sampleends during trimming.4.3 The general principles of this test method have beensuccessfully used to obtain samples of some field compactedfin
24、e-grained soils having a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm(316 in.) for purposes other than density determinations, such asthe testing for engineering properties.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this standard: The precision of this test method is dependent onth
25、e competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used.Agencies which meet the criteria of PracticeD 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting. Users of this method are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD 3740 does not i
26、n itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing dependson many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some ofthose factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Drive Cylinders, of approximately 102 to 152 mm (4 to6 in.) diameter or larger. Typical details of drive cylinders withoutside diameters of 1
27、02 mm are shown in Fig. 1. Drivecylinders of other diameters will require proportional changesin the drive-cylinder tube and drive-head dimensions. Thevolume of the cylinders with the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 isapproximately 942 cm3(0.033 ft3). The apparatus shown in Fig.1 is of a design suitable
28、for use at or near the surface.5.1.1 When the in-place density is to be used as a basis foracceptance of compacted fill, the cylinders shall be as large aspractical to minimize the effects of errors and shall in no casebe smaller than 850 cm3(0.03 ft3).5.1.2 The number of cylinders required depends
29、on thenumber of samples to be taken and the anticipated rapidity bywhich the cylinders can be returned to service after weighing,cleaning, etc.5.1.3 The cylinders shown in Fig. 1 meet the clearance ratio,wall thickness and area-ratio requirements as set forth byHvorslev3for drive samplers, and shoul
30、d preferably not exceed10 to 15 %, as defined by the following:Ar5 De22 Di2!/Di2# 3 100 (1)where:Ar= area ratio, %,De= maximum external diameter of the drive sampler, andDi= minimum internal diameter of the drive sampler at thecutting edge.5.1.4 Except for very short samplers with no clearance, thei
31、nside clearance ratio of the cylinders should be 1 % or greater,with increasing ratios with the increase in plasticity of the soilbeing sampled. Inside clearance ratio is defined by the follow-ing:Cr5Di2 DeDe(2)where:Cr= inside clearance ratio, %De= effective (minimum) inside diameter of the sampler
32、 atthe cutting edge, after swaging, andDi= internal diameter of the sampler.5.1.5 Cylinders of other diameters should conform to theserequirements.5.2 Drive HeadThe typical details of the drive heads andappurtenances are shown in Fig. 1. The drive head has a slidingweight for driving the cylinder.5.
33、3 Straightedge, steel, approximately 3 mm (18 in.) by 38mm (112 in.) by 305 mm (12 in.) with one edge sharpened atapproximately a 45 angle for trimming the ends of the sampleflush with the cylinder.5.4 ShovelAny one of several types of shovels or spadesis satisfactory in shallow sampling for digging
34、 the cylinders outafter they have been driven into the soil.5.5 BalancesA balance having a minimum capacity of 1kg and meeting the requirements of Specification D 4753 for abalance of 1 g readability is required for the cylinders shown inFig. 1. Larger cylinders will require a balance of 20 kg capac
35、itywith readability of 0.1 %.5.6 Drying EquipmentEquipment or ovens, or both, todetermine water (moisture) content in compliance with TestMethods D 2216, D 4643, D 4944, or D 4959.5.7 Miscellaneous EquipmentBrushes, sledgehammers,plastic bags, metal cans with lids, or other suitable containersfor re
36、taining the drive cylinder and sample until determinationof mass and drying, spoons, inside/outside vernier caliper, orthe equivalent accurate to 0.0025 mm (0.01 in.) for calibration,gloves, and safety glasses.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling at or Near the Surface:6.1.1 Brush all loose particles from the su
37、rface. For near-surface sampling (not more than 1 m (36 in.) in depth), samplethrough a hole bored with an auger or dug by a shovel fromwhich loosened material has been removed. Obtain a fairlylevel surface before any cylinder is driven. Depending on thesoil texture and moisture, the surface may be
38、prepared utilizinga bulldozer blade or other heavy equipment blades provided thesample area and vicinity are not deformed, compressed, torn,or otherwise disturbed.6.1.2 Assemble the cylinder and drive apparatus with thesharpened edge on the surface to be sampled. Drive thecylinder by raising the dro
39、p hammer and allowing it to fall, oralternatively by applying a uniform force via a jack or similardevice, while keeping the drive rod steady and in a verticalposition. Continue driving until the top of the cylinder isapproximately 13 mm (12 in.) below the original surface.Overdriving may result in
40、deforming or compressing thesample and may provide erroneous results. Care should betaken to prevent overdriving, particularly when samplingbelow the surface. If overdriving occurs or is suspected, thesample should be discarded and the soil resampled. Removethe drive head and dig the cylinder from t
41、he ground with ashovel, digging the soil from around the sides of the cylinderand undercutting several inches below the bottom of thecylinder before lifting the cylinder out. When sampling near,3Hvorslev, M. J., “Surface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for EngineeringPurposes,” Engineering Foundat
42、ion, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.D2937043but below, the surface, use the same procedure, but more soilwill necessarily have to be dug from around the sides of thecylinder to properly undercut the cylinder.6.1.3 After the cylinder has been removed from the ground,trim any excess soil from the
43、 sides of the cylinder. Using thestraightedge, trim the ends of the sample flush and plane withthe ends of the cylinder. A satisfactory sample is composed ofrelatively undisturbed soil representative of the soil in placeand shall not contain rocks, roots, or other foreign material. Ifthe cylinder is
44、 not full or is not representative, discard thesample and take another sample. If the cylinder is deformed orotherwise damaged while driving it into or removing it fromthe ground, discard the sample and repair or replace thecylinder. Immediately determine the mass of the sample anddetermine the wate
45、r content or place the drive cylinder andsample in a container which will prevent soil or water loss untilmass and water determinations can be made.7. Calibration7.1 Before testing begins and periodically thereafter, orwhen damage is suspected, check the cutting edge of the drivecylinders (dulled or
46、 damaged cylinders may be resharpenedand reswaged or discarded).7.1.1 Before testing and periodically thereafter, determinethe mass and volume of each cylinder. Determine and recordthe mass accurately to the nearest 1 g. Determine the volume ofeach cylinder by measuring the height and the swaged-end
47、diameter at four equally spaced points to 0.254 mm (0.01 in.)and average the respective dimensions. Calculate and recordthe volume to the nearest 0.16 mm3(0.01 in.3).7.2 Permanently identify each cylinder by a number orsymbol traceable to the calibration data. It may be desirable insome cases to sho
48、w the mass and volume on the cylinder alongwith the identification.8. Procedure8.1 Determine the mass of the drive cylinder and soilsample to the nearest 1 g and record.8.2 Remove the soil from the cylinder. Obtain a represen-tative specimen for water content determination, or use theentire sample.
49、Specimens for determining water content are tobe as large as practical but in no case smaller than 100 g andselected in such a way so as to represent all the material fromthe cylinder. Determine the water content of the soil inaccordance with either Test Methods D 2216, D 4643, D 4944,or D 4959.9. Calculation9.1 The in-place dry density of the soil is expressed as themass of the dry soil divided by the volume of soil, and isusually reported in kilograms per cubic meter or pounds percubic foot.9.2 Calculate the dry mass of the drive-cylinder sample, M3,in
