1、Designation: D2937 10Standard Test Method forDensity of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of in-p
3、lacedensity of soil by the drive-cylinder method. The test methodinvolves obtaining a relatively intact soil sample by driving athin-walled cylinder and the subsequent activities for thedetermination of in-place density. When sampling or in-placedensity is required at depth, Test Method D1587 should
4、 beused.1.2 This test method is not appropriate for sampling organicsoils which can compress upon sampling, very hard naturalsoils and heavily compacted soils which cannot be easilypenetrated by the drive sampler, soils of low plasticity whichwill not be readily retained in the cylinder, or soils wh
5、ichcontain appreciable amounts of gravel (particles coarser than4.75 mm (316 in.). The presence of particles coarser than 4.75mm (316 in.) may introduce significant errors in densitymeasurements by causing voids along the wall of the cylinderduring driving, and when coarse materials have to be dislo
6、dgedby the trimming of the sample obtained by the cylinder.1.3 This test method is limited to the procedures necessaryfor obtaining specimens suitable for determining the in-placedensity and water content of certain soils. The procedures andprecautions necessary for selecting locations and obtaining
7、intact samples suitable for laboratory testing or otherwisedetermining engineering properties is beyond the scope of thistest method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses aremathematical conversions, which are provided for informat
8、ionpurposes only and are not considered standard.1.4.1 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitlycombines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolutesystem and th
9、e gravitational system. It is scientifically unde-sirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-poundunits within a single standard. As stated, this standard includesthe gravitational system of inch-pound units and does notuse/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use ofbalances or
10、scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or therecording of density in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this stand
11、ard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purp
12、ose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits u
13、sed in analysismethods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regul
14、atory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction
15、Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical Purposes1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Sp
16、ecial andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved March 15, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D2937 04. DOI:10.1520/D2937-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
17、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
18、2959, United States.D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil
19、 and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Microwave Oven HeatingD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4944 Test
20、Method for Field Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide GasPressure TesterD4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitio
21、ns are in accordance with Ter-minology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method can be used to determine the in-placedensity of soils which do not contain significant amounts ofparticles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.), and which can bereadily retained in the drive cylinder. This test method
22、may alsobe used to determine the in-place density of compacted soilsused in construction of structural fill, highway embankments,or earth dams. When the in-place density is to be used as abasis for acceptance, the drive cylinder volumes must be aslarge as practical and not less than 850 cm3(0.030 ft
23、3).4.2 This test method is not recommended for use in organicor friable soils. This test method may not be applicable for soft,highly plastic, noncohesive, saturated or other soils which areeasily deformed, compress during sampling, or which may notbe retained in the drive cylinder. The use of this
24、test method insoils containing particles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.) mayresult in damage to the drive cylinder equipment. Soilscontaining particles coarser than 4.75 mm (316 in.) may notyield valid results if voids are created along the wall of cylinderduring driving, or if particles are dislodge
25、d from the sampleends during trimming.4.3 The general principles of this test method have beensuccessfully used to obtain samples of some field compactedfine-grained soils having a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm(316 in.) for purposes other than density determinations, such asthe testing for engine
26、ering properties.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this standard: The precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used.Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice
27、D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting. Users of this method are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing dependson many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some ofthose factors.5. A
28、pparatus5.1 Drive Cylinders, of approximately 102 to 152 mm (4.00to 6.00 in.) diameter or larger. Typical details of drive cylinderswith outside diameters of 102 mm (4.00 in.) are shown in Fig.1 (see also Table 1). Drive cylinders of other diameters willrequire proportional changes in the drive-cyli
29、nder tube anddrive-head dimensions. The volume of the cylinders with thedimensions shown in Fig. 1 is approximately 940 cm3(0.033ft3). The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 is of a design suitable foruse at or near the surface.5.1.1 When the in-place density is to be used as a basis foracceptance of compact
30、ed fill, the cylinders shall be as large aspractical to minimize the effects of errors and shall in no casebe smaller than 850 cm3(0.030 ft3).5.1.2 The number of cylinders required depends on thenumber of samples to be taken and the anticipated rapidity bywhich the cylinders can be returned to servi
31、ce after weighing,cleaning, etc.5.1.3 The cylinders shown in Fig. 1 meet the clearance ratio,wall thickness and area-ratio requirements as set forth byHvorslev3for drive samplers, and should preferably not exceed10 to 15 %, as defined by the following:Ar5 Dw22 De2!/De2# 3 100 (1)where:Ar= area ratio
32、, %,Dw = maximum external diameter of the drive cylinder,andDe = effective (minimum) internal diameter of the drivesampler at the cutting edge after swaging.5.1.4 Except for very short samplers with no clearance, theinside clearance ratio of the cylinders should from 0.5 to 3.0 %,with increasing rat
33、ios as the plasticity increases in the soilbeing sampled. Inside clearance ratio is defined by the follow-ing:Cr5Di 2 DeDe3 100 (2)where:Cr= inside clearance ratio, %De = effective (minimum) internal diameter of the samplerat the cutting edge after swaging, andDi = internal diameter of the sampler.5
34、.1.5 Cylinders of other diameters should conform to theserequirements.5.2 Drive HeadThe typical details of the drive heads andappurtenances are shown in Fig. 1. The drive head has a slidingweight for driving the cylinder.5.3 Straightedgesteel, approximately 3 mm (18 in.) by 38mm (112 in.) by 305 mm
35、(12.0 in.) with one edge sharpened atapproximately a 45 angle for trimming the ends of the sampleflush with the cylinder.5.4 ShovelAny one of several types of shovels or spadesis satisfactory in shallow sampling for digging the cylinders outafter they have been driven into the soil.3Hvorslev, M. J.,
36、 “Surface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for EngineeringPurposes,” Engineering Foundation, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.D2937 1025.5 BalancesA balance having a minimum capacity of 10kg (22 lbs) and meeting the requirements of SpecificationD4753 for a balance of 1 g (0.002 lbs) readability
37、is requiredfor the cylinders shown in Fig. 1. Larger cylinders will requirea balance of 25 kg (55 lbs) capacity with readability of 1 gm(0.002 lbs).5.6 Drying EquipmentEquipment or ovens, or both, todetermine water (moisture) content in compliance with TestMethods D2216, D4643, D4944,orD4959.5.7 Mis
38、cellaneous EquipmentBrushes, sledgehammers,plastic bags, metal cans with lids, or other suitable containersfor retaining the drive cylinder and sample until determinationof mass and drying, spoons, inside/outside vernier caliper, orthe equivalent accurate to 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) for calibration,gloves
39、, and safety glasses.6. Procedure6.1 Brush all loose particles from the surface. For near-surface sampling (not more than1m(3ft)indepth), samplethrough a hole bored with an auger or dug by a shovel fromwhich loosened material has been removed. Obtain a fairlylevel ground surface before the cylinder
40、is driven. Dependingon the soil texture and moisture, the surface may be preparedutilizing a bulldozer blade or other heavy equipment bladesprovided the sample area and vicinity are not deformed,compressed, torn, or otherwise disturbed.FIG. 1 Typical Design for a Surface Soil SamplerTABLE 1 Dimensio
41、nal Equivalent for Fig. 1mm in. mm in.2564 103 41164532 115 4125316 127 5.001934 155 6.0044 134 212 8.0076 3.0 865 36.0098 378 1096 45.00102 4.00D2937 1036.2 Assemble the cylinder and drive apparatus with thesharpened edge on the surface to be sampled. Drive thecylinder by raising the drop hammer an
42、d allowing it to fall, oralternatively by applying a uniform force via a jack or similardevice, while keeping the drive rod steady and in a verticalposition. Continue driving until the top of the cylinder isapproximately 13 mm (1/2 in.) below the original surface asshown in Fig. 2. Overdriving may r
43、esult in deforming orcompressing the sample and may provide erroneous results.Care should be taken to prevent overdriving, particularly whensampling below the surface. If overdriving occurs or issuspected, the sample should be discarded and the soil resa-mpled. Remove the drive head and dig the cyli
44、nder from theground with a shovel; dig the soil from around the sides of thecylinder, undercutting several inches below the bottom of thecylinder before lifting the cylinder out. When sampling nearthe surface, more soil may have to be dug from around thesides of the cylinder to properly undercut the
45、 cylinder.6.3 After the cylinder has been removed from the ground,remove any excess soil from the sides of the cylinder. Usingthe straightedge, trim the ends of the sample flush and planewith the ends of the cylinder. A satisfactory sample is com-posed of an intact soil and shall not contain rocks,
46、roots, orother foreign material. If the cylinder is not full or does notproperly represent the in-situ soil, discard and take anothersample. If the cylinder is deformed or otherwise damagedwhile driving it into or removing it from the ground, discardand repair or replace the cylinder. Immediately de
47、termine themass and water content of the sample or place the drivecylinder and sample in a container which will prevent soil orwater loss until mass and water determinations can be made.6.4 Record the mass of the drive cylinder and soil sample tothe nearest 1 g (0.002 lbm).6.5 Remove the soil from t
48、he cylinder. Obtain a represen-tative specimen for water content determination. Specimens fordetermining water content are to be as large as practical but inno case smaller than 100 g (0.200 lbs) and selected to representall the material from the cylinder. Determine the water contentof the soil in a
49、ccordance with Test Methods D2216, D4643,D4944,orD4959.7. Calculation7.1 The density of the soil is expressed as the mass of thesoil divided by the volume of soil, and is usually reported ingrams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) or pounds per cubic foot(lb/ft3).7.2 Calculate the wet density, rwet, of the drive-cylindersample in g/cm3as follows:rwet5M12 M2!V(3)where:M1= mass of the cylinder and wet soil sample, gM2= mass of the cylinder, g, andV = volume of the drive cylinder, cm37.3 Calculate the in-place dry density, rd, of the soil ing/cm3as follows:r
