1、Designation: D 2980 04Standard Test Method forVolume Mass, Moisture-Holding Capacity, and Porocity ofSaturated Peat Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2980; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate the aeration,water penetration, and water retention propert
3、ies of peat underfield conditions of water saturation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
4、of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the
5、 Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Desgin and ConstructionD 4753 TSpecification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE 11
6、 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The test method sets up standardized conditions formeasuring the volume and mass of saturated peat. From thesedata, saturated volume masses, moisture-holding capacity (on amass and volume basis), dry peat volumes,
7、 and porocity can bedetermined.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method measures the air spaces of peat and themoisture-holding capacity on either a mass and/or a volumebasis under conditions of saturation. If large spaces are present,water and air can penetrate easily. If spaces are smaller, the
8、water holding capacity is increased. Water holding capacity islarger in humified peat materials (small inter-particulatespaces), whereas water and air-penetration is larger in unhu-mified peat (larger inter-particulate spaces). The spaces canalso be aan indication of the oxygen available to the plan
9、troots.4.2 The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it,and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing/s
10、ampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautionedthat compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of thosefactors.5. Apparatus5.1 Dispensing ApparatusTwo dispensing b
11、urets, 250-mLcapacity in 1-mL subdivisions, 62-mL tolerance, pinch-cocktype; a one-hole No. 6 rubber stopper; straight polyethylenedrying tube with serrated rubber tubing fittings, 150 mm long,19 mm (34 in) in outside diameter, 16 mm (58 in.) in insidediameter;3a 4-mesh sieve; a balance; a moisturep
12、roof (air-tight) container; a 5-gal (20-L) bottle equipped with a siphondevice; and a stainless steel sieve circle about 16 mesh and28.7 mm in diameter to be attached to one end of the dryingtube and sealed. (A soldering iron is useful.) Adjust the lengthof the tube to match conveniently the graduat
13、ion of the buret;then scallop the end without the sieve to allow for waterdrainage, and insert the tube into the dispensing buret with thesieve side up.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as
14、 a Media forPlant Growth.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 298002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
15、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3A Cenco No. 14782-2 drying tube has been found suitable for this purpose.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
16、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Sample6.1 Place a representative field sample on a square rubbersheet, paper, or oil cloth. Reduce the sample to the quantityrequired by quartering and place in a pre-tared moisture-proofcontainer. Work rapidly to prevent moisture losses.7
17、. Procedure7.1 Determine the moisture content on a separate testspecimen by Method I or II of Test Methods D 2974.7.1.1 Weigh the buret fitted with the plastic tube and screen.Working rapidly to prevent moisture losses, mix the samplethoroughly, place on top of a 4-mesh sieve, and shake untilsieving
18、 is complete. Use only the portion that has passedthrough the sieve for the determination. Firmly pack the buretwith 250 mm (10 in.) of the material passing the 4-mesh sieveas follows: Attach the rubber stopper to the delivery end of theburet. Add 20-mL portions of the sample, firmly tapping on ther
19、ubber stopper 3 times vertically from a height of 150 mm (6in.) for a final height of 50 mm (10 in.) (This will ensure thatthe height of the final wet volume is 190 to 250 mm. (7.5 to 10in). Remove the stopper and weigh the buret to nearest 1 g.7.1.2 Position the buret to use a sink as the drain. Pl
20、ace a20-L (5-gal) bottle equipped with a siphon device above thelevel of the buret. Connect the clamped rubber tubing of thesiphon device to the buret by inserting glass tubing about 125mm (5 in.) and constricted at one end into the one-hole rubberstopper fitted tightly into the top of the buret. At
21、tach the rubbertubing with the pinch clamp to the delivery end of the buret.Open both clamps and pass water through the sample for morethan 24 h, maintaining a water reservoir over the sample at alltimes. (Moss-type samples may float but gradually settle as thesample becomes wet.) After initial soak
22、ing, regulate the waterflow through the column by adjusting the screw clamp at thedelivery end of the buret. (The in-flow of water should be aboutequal to the out-flow; a flow of about 1 drop/s is suitable.)When the sample is saturated, close both clamps and let thesample settle in water for about 5
23、 min. The top surface of thesample should be as level as possible.7.1.3 Raise the buret and replace the rubber stopper on thedelivery end of the buret with a 250-mL dispensing buret filledwith water, using the rubber stopper for the connection.Connect the two burets tightly, with no air leaks. Remov
24、e thesiphon device and open the outlet clamps on both burets toempty. (The suction created is equivalent to about 38 mm (15in). of water. Check for air leaks to ensure that the standardsuction is exerted on the sample. It is important to removeexcess water as described.) Measure the height of the we
25、t peat.The height should be 190 to 250 mm (7.5 to 10 in.). Record thevolume in millilitres and weigh the buret, the plastic tube withthe sieve, and the wet peat to the nearest 1 g. Wet the sampleagain as above for more than 1 h, drain by suction, record thevolume, and mass. Repeat until consistent r
26、esults are obtained.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the saturated volume mass, S, in grams permillilitre as follows:As-received:S 5 Wr/Vw(1)Oven-dried:S 5 Wd/Vw(2)Wet:S 5 Ww/Vw(3)where:Wr= mass of test specimen as received, g,Vw= wet volume, mL,Wd= mass of dried test specimen, g = Wr3 (100 M)/100,M = mo
27、isture, %, andWw= mass of wet test specimen, g.8.2 Calculate the moisture-holding capacity in percent asfollows:8.2.1 Mass basis, W:As-received:W 5 Ww2 Wr! 3 100/Wr(4)Oven-dried:W 5 Ww2 Wd! 3 100/Wd(5)8.2.2 Volume basis, V:V 5 Ww2 Wd! 3 100/Vw3 1.0! (6)8.3 Calculate the dry peat volume, P, in percen
28、t as follows:P 5 Wd3 100!/Vw3 1.4! (7)8.4 Calculate the porocity, A, in percent as follows:A 5 100 2 V 1 P! (8)9. Report9.1 Report the saturated volume mass to the nearest 0.01 g.Report percentage results to the nearest whole number.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionDue to the nature of the soil o
29、r rockmaterials tested by this method it is either not feasible or toocostly at this time to produce multiple specimens which haveuniform physical properties. Any variation observed in the datais just as likely to be due to specimen variation as to operatortesting variation. Subcommittee D18.22 welc
30、omes proposalsthat would allow for development of a valid precision state-ment.10.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 moisture; moisture holding capacity; peat; porocityD2980042SUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Comm
31、ittee D18 policy this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe 2002 edition that may impact the use of this standard.(1) IEquation 5 has been corrected from W=(Ww-Wd)-Wd)3100Wdto: W=(Ww-Wd)-3100Wd, thus omitting theextra Wd.ASTM International takes no position respecting
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